English Literature

Two writers offer an insightful interpretation concerning the historical heritage and cultural identity of Native Americans as referenced from their personal experience. In Indian Cartography, Deborah Miranda describes indigenous struggles as referenced through the apperception of her father, whom throughout his life, purportedly witnessed a tumultuous reality, subject to American colonization. Poignant, personalized and reflective, she establishes an immediate rapport with the Native American challenges, elucidated by the organic experience of her father during his young, precocious childhood. Conversely, Itch Like Crazy written by Wendy Rose, captures a generalized overview of Native American culture as witnessed from her surrounding experiences with others. While both poems assess cultural identity in relation to indigenous struggles, each one, Indian Cartography, a story about family survival against personal difficulties, and Itch Like Crazy, ones personal narrative depicting the tribulations of Native Americans, offers their own insightful perspective, independent and innovative from the other.

Mirandis Indian Cartography journeys Native American experience through the eyes of her father, whom at a premature age, witnessed unprecedented adversity, which became immediately familiar, like family blood lines, when, tragedy greeted him like an old unpleasant relative, (Miranda, Deborah, 133). From the beginning, he learned to swim the hard way, across silver scales, and persevere (Miranda, Deborah, 133). His history became personified as a family connection through his psychological experience. Indeed, rather than, descending into declivity, or drowning by a displaced river fraught with dark water, he transcended his perennial predicament, floating on his face, hopeful of the shadows that embody people he once knew, closing on the stories of our home, (Miranda, Deborah, 133). Mirandis poem, like Rose in Itch like Crazy, underscores the perseverance of Native American culture. However, Mirandi features indigenous struggle within the historical context of her fathers natural, individual experience, who overcame interminable personal turmoil. Hence, she connects to readers directly with transparent clarity through the metaphors of his unconventional journey, overcoming persistent prejudice, discrimination, and personal oppression. Furthermore, Mirandis allusion to family and familiar circumstances offers a direct contrast from Rose, who describes with devastation of strangers for whom she connects (Rose, Wendy, 135).

From a less organic interpretation, Wendy Welsh acknowledges the robust resilience of her people, who rebound, and rise from their death (Rose, Wendy, 135). Rather than reflecting on her own individual experience, or anyone immediately related to her, she presents a more generalized, universal analysis that assesses the historical narrative of cultural identity, witnessed through others. For example, she juxtaposes a comparison between the eyes of nearly everyone and Columbus, referring to Christopher Columbus. An incisive metaphor, she apparently perceives the Native American culture, as this group of explorers, embarking on their own expedition to achieve success in history (Rose, Wendy, 135). She notices these problems existing among, the fingers of every hand, as voicesamong strangers, summon her attention (Rose, Wendy, 135).

Two writers present a polyphony of perspectives regarding the personal struggles that embodied Native American culture. Whereas Deborah Mirandi explains the challenges witnessed by Native American culture through her fathers lens, Wendy Rose pursues a more estranged position, whereby she establishes connection through others who share her cultural experience.

The streetcar named Desire bangs through the Quarter, up one old narrow street and down another.  It connects to another car called Cemetery, and from there one proceeds to a part of New Orleans called Elysian Fields.  This tells us something about life.  When people live, they do everything because they desire.  It keeps them moving.  Then it kills them, or maybe they just die, and then its on to the Elysian  Fields, the name the Greeks called their equivalent of Heaven.  In Tenessee Williams play, the Elysian Fields in which Blanche DuBois finds herself is anything but Paradise, and the souls she finds there are far from blessed.

Blache DuBois is a relic of the Old South, an ageing, genteel woman who likes alcohol and soft light because they take the edge off things.  She arrives at her sister Stellas home in New Orleans with a vague story about how she left her teaching job for the sake of her health, and it isnt long before she upsets the household and its lord and master, Stanley Kowalski.  Stanley is everything that Blanche is not, everything that she fears and distrusts.  He is the son of Polish parents, a factory worker, a straight talker who isnt above hammering on the door and yelling at a lady if she takes too long in the bath. If Blanche embodies the dead dreams of the feudal plantation era, Stanley represents the New South, fast-paced, industrialized, unsentimental.  It would be too easy to dwell on the differences between these two characters and the reasons why the ways of one would get on the other ones nerves, or to say that one is sure to be destroyed while the other will do well in the modern age.  Maybe it would be better instead to explore the idea that while Blanche and Stanley might appear to be worlds apart, they are actually only two faces of the same coin.  

Blanche comes to New Orleans burdened with a trunk and the news that Belle Reve, the plantation where she and Stella were raised, has been lost forever.  But where another woman would have come wailing or maybe fighting mad, Blanche waltzes in and proceeds to fill the Kowalski flat with illusions.  Indeed, she admits later on that a womans charm is 50 illusion (Scene 2, p. 167).   Her refusal to deal with the loss of the plantation in a more realistic manner might be because of the way she has been brought up to the ideals of the chivalric code.  There was chivalry in the Old South as it was organized a little like the world was in the time of knights and damsels-in-distress.  There were poor people who farmed the land, and they were protected by the land-owning lords.  The landowners in turn were answerable before God for the welfare of their women, children and servants.  Everything depended on people fitting into their proper places.  If they did their duty there would be harmony.  If slaves worked, they would be fed.  If ladies were discreet and pretty and obedient to their husbands and fathers, they would be protected from vulgarity and the harsh necessities of life.  If the plantation owners and their sons took care of their women, children and slaves, they would be rewarded with the love of these weaker ones, the respect of their peers, and the blessings of the Almighty.  The ordered, chivalrous ways were supposed to result in a world where there was truth, beauty and goodness, one that Blanche tries to keep alive by clinging to its outward trappings  fine clothes, refined talk, and being conscious of things that just arent done in polite society.

Stanley on the other hand is the son of immigrants but an American himself.  If the Old South was about respecting the proper order of things where some are born to be lowly and some are born to rule, his ethics are geared towards upward struggle.  Not that Stanley actually thinks that he is beneath people like Blanche.  The struggle spoken of here is one where the limits from olden times - like social status - are removed, so that there is the idea that if a man only works hard enough and looks out after his best interests, then he will succeed.  The measure of success is not the achievement of a pretty, genteel world, but a world where no man or woman or child has to go hungry and there are equal opportunities for all.  This new way of thinking of course takes into account the price that people in the Old South paid for their orderly world  the suffering of the majority so that the privileged few could enjoy beauty and good things.

These contrasting world views are apparent in Blanche and Stanleys attitudes toward material things like property, as well as to those that are intangible, like human relationships.

When Blanche talks about the fall of Belle Reve, she recites a litany of deaths, including a particularly harrowing story of how their hugely pregnant kinswoman could not be made to fit into a casket.  The loss of the plantation to her is represented by the lives that the war took away.  As relatives die one by one, so is Belle Reve sold bit by bit to pay for their funerals.  When asked exactly how the plantation was lost in business terms however, she finds it hard to explain.  This in turn, is what Stanley finds hard to believe.  Being a man of the world who looks out for number one, his first instinct is to accuse Blanche of lying.  The ugly side of an equal-opportunity world is the thought that no one is above suspicion.  To justify his intrusion into the financial affairs of the DuBois sisters, he even invokes Louisianas Napoleonic code (Scene 2, p. 163), which says that whatever a woman owns is also the property of her husband.  Ironically, the Napoleonic code itself is a holdover from more chivalrous times.  If Blanche holds the painful pinch of poverty beneath the pain of losing her loved ones, Stanley sees this sentiment as a kind of act put on to distract interested parties from what to him is the pressing issue   Where is the money

While at the Kowalskis Blanche gains a suitor  Stanleys friend, Mitch.  Mitch is a little nave, and Blanche plays the part of damsel-in-distress to gain his sympathies.  True, the man isnt very manly, isnt too handsome and still lives with his mother.  Still, in Blanches world, there must be a man.  It doesnt matter if there must be paper shades over the lights, if she must lie about her age or her past or anything else.  It fits into the dream to have a man worshipping her, putting her on a pedestal in the old-fashioned way.  It is nothing like Stella and Stanleys relationship, where Stella admits that there are things that happen, between a man and a woman, in the dark, that makes everything else seem unimportant.  For Stanley though, it is no romance when a relationship is built on lies, and so he promptly digs up the truth about Blanche  how she prostituted herself to survive before becoming involved with a minor and losing her job.  Mitch is enlightened but is devastated as Blanche hysterically tries to hold together the illusion that is falling apart (Scene 9, p. 221).

But when all is said and done, Blanche and Stanley, the Old South and the New South, are not so very different after all.  Blanche struggled tooth-and-nail, as bravely and bitterly as any man, to protect her family and her heritage, just as Stanley and his fellow laborers struggle, though less dramatically, for a chance of three square meals a day for themselves and their families.  If Blanche believes in beauty and goodness, so Stanley believes in equality and labors sure reward.  It might be argued that both are utopian ideas that are far from reality.

Blanche fought passionately to preserve what she cared about, even if it meant the degradation of her body and the loss of her reputation.  Stanley also, for all his toughness, must stand tearing his shirt on the street and shouting Stella...Stella on a drunken night when his wife has deserted him (Scene 3, p. 179).  If Blanche gently succumbs to the hopeful delusion that a millionaire named Shep Huntleigh is about to carry her off on a grand cruise, then Stanley comes home after the birth of his first child brimming with good spirits because that weak little morsel of flesh is for him joy and hope.

When Stanley rapes Blanche it is not because he is an animal.  It is only the modern world realizing that it doesnt have all the answers, just as the old world didnt.  The thought is unbearable, so the New South must commit violence upon the Old South.  For after all, it isnt just Blanche who takes the streetcar named Desire, then hops on the one called Cemetery, to get to Elysian Fields  so does Stanley, and so must we all do.

One of the ruinous effects of human conflicts, war has a detrimental impact on the human society. War not only has an effect on the lives of the victims but also on the lives of soldiers fighting those wars. In the precarious and life threatening circumstances of war, human beings tend to behave in a contradictory manner. This contradictory behavior continues even when these soldiers return to civilian life. The negative effects of war on the soldiers prevent them from leading a normal civilian life. In some cases, even though the soldiers survive the war, they became victims of the manipulative politics played by their countries. The movie Breaker Morant by Bruce Beresford and the book Odysseus in America by Jonathan Shay focuses on this negative aspect of soldiers lives. The movie Breaker Morant depicts the trial of Australian Army officers, Harry Morant, Peter Handcock, and George Witton, who served Bushveldt Carbineers at the time of Second Boer War. In the book Odysseus in America, Shay, a psychiatrist, writes about the negative impact post-traumatic stress is having on the soldiers returned from Vietnam War. Both these works bring forth the damaging effect war has on the lives of soldiers through the portrayal of soldiers facing the problems of betrayal or post-traumatic stress.

Detrimental Effects of War
The movie Breaker Morant and the book Odysseus in America presents the various problems faced by the soldiers in course of the war, and even after the end of war. The movie Breaker Morant shows how the soldiers have to deal not only with their enemies but also with their superiors who exploit the soldiers to serve their own purposes. The movie revolves around the trial of Australian Army officers, Harry Morant, Peter Handcock, and George Witton who are facing the charges of murdering seven Boer prisoners. Morant is accused of leading these attacks on the Boer prisoners in retaliation, as Morant believed that his friend, Captain Hunt was murdered by the Boers. Harry Morant, who is also known as Breaker Morant and George Witton are also accused of killing Rev. Hesse, a German missionary. As the trial progress, it becomes evident that Morant, Handcock and Witton are victims of manipulative politics played by Britain, a country for which these soldiers risked their lives in the war. Morant, Handcock and Witton had killed the Boer prisoners because they were ordered to do so by their superiors. But as these orders were conveyed to them orally, they were unable to prove their innocence. Although Major Thomas, their defense lawyer tries hard to save Morant, Handcock and Witton from being executed, these soldiers are held guilty of the murder and awarded the death sentence.

The manner in which the trial is conducted proves that Morant, Handcock and Witton were utilized as scapegoats by Britain to achieve its political aims. The biased attitude of the prosecuting attorney and their witnesses shows that the trial was a charade, as Britain has already decided to execute these soldiers even before the commencement of the trial. In the end, Morant and Handcock are executed whereas Wittons death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment. The British army, which is supposed to protect the soldiers fighting from his side, plans to execute Morant and Handcock in spite of the fact that they were just fulfilling their duties as soldiers fighting for them. The negative effects of war on the lives of the soldiers are portrayed in the movie through the betrayal experienced by Morant, Handcock and Witton. The British army betrays these soldiers and executes them for murdering Boer prisoners even though these soldiers were ordered by their superiors to kill the Boer prisoners. Owing to the injustice meted out to them by the British army, Morant and Hancock lose faith in the existence of a divine power.  They are distrustful of everyone, for they come to regard all people around them to be their enemies. The politics involved in wars leads Morant and Hancock to their execution for the murders they had committed on the orders of the superiors. The political strategies of war bring an end to the lives of these soldiers and that also at the hands of the country for which they have fought in the war.

Even after the end of the war, the negative influence of war on the lives of the soldiers continues, as numerous soldiers suffer from post traumatic stress and find it difficult to lead a peaceful civilian life. The book Odysseus in America focuses on this detrimental effect of war on the lives of the soldiers. The author writes about the difficulties experienced by Vietnam War veterans in adjusting to the civilian life. The soldiers fighting in the war are so overwhelmed by their horrific experiences at the war that they engage in violent behavior even after they return to civilian lives. The book presents examples of numerous Vietnam veterans to bring forth the damaging effects the development of post traumatic stress has on the civilian lives of the soldiers. One such soldier, who finds it difficult to fit himself in the peaceful civilian life, is Bear Mercer. The horrifying war experiences haunt Bear and hinder him from assimilating in a life which is far different from one he led during the war. Now in nightmares and flashbacks the color of his blood, changing from bright red to almost black in his squad who crushed the dead mans chest with a boulder, drenching Bear with blood that squirted out of the severed neck arteries. (Shay 23). His mind is burdened with the guilt for carrying out the brutal killings during the war. His thinking is so influenced by his experiences at the war that his reaction to any incident in his civilian life, which is similar to the one in war, is identical. Any incompetence Bear encounters in civilian life arouses the same feelings of fear, rage, and grief. When he yanked his general supervisor at the post office across his own desk and screamed at him, he screamed exactly the same words he screamed at his incompetent CO. (Shay 25). Post traumatic stress also leads to the development of distrust in the war veterans. The war veterans look at the people around them with distrust.

The family lives of these war veterans are also affected owing to the various problems caused by post traumatic stress. Even in the matter of their careers, these war veterans find their work uninteresting compared to the combat duties they carried out during the war. Many, like Bear, who joined uniformed services quit or were fired after relatively short careers. Unlike Bear, some found civilian policing too boring authority relationships and apparently meaningless administrative tasks. (Shay 26). This book throws light on the fact that the detrimental effects of war on the soldiers is evident in every aspect of their lives  even after they return to the civilian lives owing to the development of post traumatic stress in the soldiers.

Conclusion
The movie Breaker Morant and the book Odysseus in America bring forth the detrimental effects war has on the lives of soldiers fighting those wars. The movie Breaker Morant shows how international politics involved in the war leads to the execution of three soldiers for a murder they have committed on the orders of their superiors. These soldiers became victims of betrayal by a country for whom they risked their lives in the war. The book Odysseus in America depicts the negative impact war experiences has on the soldiers even after returning to civilian lives through the portrayal of soldiers suffering from post traumatic stress. Both these works present the various kinds of difficulties and hardships encountered by soldiers during the war and even after end of the war.

The Gettysburg Address is President Lincolns summary of Americas feelings towards their
government.  It is not Lincoln speaking of his own personal thoughts. He represented the people
to the world and its passion for freedom.  In his address in Pennsylvania, in November 1863, he
summoned America to the great courage four scores and seven years ago of the men and
women that blueprinted democracy into their government. He did not come to tribute the great
leaders and politicians of his time, to extol laudable leadership.  Instead, he defined the present
as a gift of those who died to insure that a government of the people, by the people and for the
people, flows in every American in the world, for them to be proud of.

It is a great speech because Lincoln did not seek to present his feat to awe his listeners. He
invited his fellow citizens to hallow the ground where their heroes rested, to implant into their
hearts their history that made them forebears of nobility. His voice reverberated not in intensity
but by the meaning that each of his word carries. His listeners were not bounded by the number
of people that heard him spoke. Gettysburg Address continued to be heard long after it had been
spoken.  Its inspiration has stirred Americas vein even after Lincoln had joined the soldiers that
he had dedicated his piece. He was not forgotten because he was able to let the world remember
the lives of every American  that died so freedom  rules his people. Lincoln has inspired
Americas presidents a new definition of leadership.  He had taught them that a leader can bow
down  not in surrender but in celebration of triumph brought by  those who bravely died.

It is an undeniable fact that the society where each person lives has its own rules and taboos that each individual must abide by. This fact is true in all civilized societies where the transactions and dealings of each and every individual is governed not by their own individual precepts and emotions but by the laws provided by society. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Summer by Edith Wharton are two different novels that expose in a provocative approach the powerful ways in which women of society struggles to live a life that is absolutely in divergence with what society considers as acceptable and in accord with its tenets. The Awakening tells the story of Edna Pontellier and the changes that occur in her thinking and lifestyle as a result of a summer romance (www.sparknotes.com). Summer on the other hand, speaks of an account of a young woman named Charity Royall who is completely inexperienced when it comes to men and her discernment of her sexual desire ( HYPERLINK httpwww.bookrags.com www.bookrags.com). The central characters of these novels have come up with a resolution to challenge society, with its rules and taboos. Society, however, have proven to be austere which contributed to the unfortunate failure of these protagonists on their quest to attain autonomy.

Body
The Awakening begins in a setting where Edna Pontellier lives in a kind of semi-conscious state. Although she is contented with her marriage to her husband Lonce, she is oblivious of her own feelings and ambitions. Edna has always been passionate who fell in love with a cavalry officer during her youthful years, captivated with a visitor in nearby plantation in her teens, and crazed with a tragedian as an adolescent woman. But she saw her marriage to Lonce as the end of her life of passion and the beginning of a life of responsibility. Although she expected her dreams of romance to disappear along with her youth, her fantasies and yearnings only remain latent, re-emerging on Grand Isle in the form of her passion for Robert Lebrun. The people Edna meets and the experiences she has on Grand Isle awaken desires and urges for music, sexual satisfaction, art, and freedom that she can no longer bear to keep hidden. Just like a kid, the protagonist had started to have a new standpoint of the surroundings around her. Edna fails to comply with the conduct required by society of her as a wife and as a mother and does not take into account the harmful consequences of her unconventional manners. She begins to entertain the notion of having a traitorous relationship with Robert Lebrun and thinks of nothing but herself which was displayed when she escapes her responsibilities as a mother and abandoned her children in the custody of their grandmother without thinking twice about the matter. Robert, nevertheless, abandons Edna for, unlike Edna, he does not possess enough boldness to challenge the standards of society. Edna aspires for liberty but such aspiration more often than not reveals her self-centeredness(www.sparknotes.com).

Summer, on the other hand, concentrates on the sexual awakening of a young lady named Charity Royall. The central character of this novel is born in a mountain environment in Berkshire and spends her growing-up years in the neighboring rural community of North Dormer where there exists further civilization. Charity aspires to break loose from the oppressive pressures of her life consisting of a puzzling mountain clan she is not familiar with but who cast an omnimous shadow over her and the custodian who accompanied her down from the mount who desires to have her as his wife. She works as a part-time employee in a grimy local library where guests scarcely appears and she regards such a job as something like a dead-end, a prisonuntil an attractive young architect, Lucious Harney walks through its doors(www,curtainup.com). Harney is the first man Charity feels an interest in, and as she spends time with him, her feelings change and develop. But disparate from the other women of the social order, the central character of this novel does not dream of a cozy cottage or domestic life of a wife and mother. Her desire is for sexual fulfillment( HYPERLINK httpwww.bookrags.com www.bookrags.com). Charity and Harney engages in a sexual romance. A promise of marriage is given by Harney to Charity, but he deserts the place and goes with another woman named Annabel Balch, a young woman who stands as the ideal type of womanhood to which Charity aspires ( HYPERLINK httpwww.bookrags.com www.bookrags.com). Charity then decides to disregard her feelings for Harney for she is aware that two persons from different classes of society can never achieve togetherness in love. Harney is a gentleman of the upper class whereas Charity is a lady belonging to the lower class. In connection with this painful realization, Charity bewails and is appropriately manifested in these words by the author which states, If ever she looked ahead, she felt instinctively that the gulf between them was too deep, and that the bridge their passion had flung across it was as insubstantial as a rainbow.(Wharton 71). Charity then marries Mr. Royall for she bears the child of Harney and she yearns to grant a bright future for her child.

Conclusion
Autonomy or self-government is characterized by the capacity of a person to attain bliss or happiness and contentment within the confines of the world within her and society at large.This bliss and contentment cannot be said to be achieved if the members of the world within a person such as herself and her family, suffers the consequences of her unconventional acts. Edna Pontellier on no account accomplish this self-government for she made herself and her kinfolk bear a detrimental pain. Correspondingly, Charity Royall never achieved autonomy for by reason of her clamorous and ecstatic affirmation of the joy of sexual love no matter what it costs, she ended up being depressed and desolate(books.simonandschuster.com).

Bonaparte is the narrator of the story and as such, not much is mentioned of his physical appearance except that he is five foot ten. He is an Irishman but isnt portrayed as having much of an accent. In fact, he even makes fun of Donovans accent saying that he himself was from the town. He also has a habit of being rather overly formal in speech, rustic and proper at the same time. As the narrator, he doesnt mention any of his own mannerisms, although he does take careful note of those of the people around him.

Noble is often referred to as young Noble throughout the text, and once as the poor boy, suggesting that he is younger than the narrator Bonaparte. Other than this though, and that he wears gaiters, nothing else is said of his appearance. He says rather little except for when he is hotly arguing with Awkins. He seems quite morose for most of that story, but considering the events thats not too surprising. He does defend his beliefs with rigor though, although not too eloquently nor persuasively.

Awkins can be seen as a rather small man as the little Englishman is how Bonaparte first refers to him Though this might just be relative to Bonaparte and the big Belcher, or he might just be scrawny as he is described as having lean legs. He and Belcher are British soldiers and are described as wearing khaki tunics and overcoats with civilian pants and bright farmers boots. He is quite a passionately talkative character, with a rather thick cockney accent. He can be rather unpleasant in the way he talks, and he swears a lot, but there doesnt seem to be much real malice behind his words.

Belcher, the big Englishman, is definitely much larger than Bonapartes 5 foot ten. He has a mustache, wears the same clothes as Awkins, and is said to have a queer smile and a very rare and queerer laugh. He only says a few words and uses words like chum, but his accent doesnt seem as thick as his comrades. He sits by the fire most of the time as he is said to have his toes in the ashes, and he loves to play cards, which he is rather good at. Hes also very much the image of a gentle giant when he helps the old lady around the house and when he acts so calmly and good-naturedly in the end.

The narrator doesnt give a name to the old woman the four men live with. She is described as old and crabby, with a little crabs mouth. She is said to scold much and is crotchety, although no real examples are shown in the text. In the one time she answered Awkins though, her answers were not so much cranky as downright strange, almost nonsensical. Shes just an old, hardworking, Catholic Irishwoman and Belcher and even Awkins had endeared themselves to her.

Jeremiah Donovan is a small, shy, Irishman with a broad accent. He is described as wearing a small cloth hat, with big gaiters over his long pants, with hands always in his pants pockets. In most of the conversations in the text he is always rather unsure of himself, almost insecure. He does, however, have a determined and somewhat blind sense of duty as an Irishman and he disliked the two Englishmen.

Comparison with Mother Savage
Guests of the Nation at first glance has quite a lot in common with Mother Savage, for starters, they are both set in a remote village during wartime. The former though, is set in Ireland during a war between the English and the Irish, while the latter is set in Virelogne during the French-Prussian War. The basic organizations of the main characters are even extremely similar, four men living with an old lady due to the war. The four men in Mother Savage though, were forced upon her by the invading troops while in Guests, two of the men were prisoners and the other two served as their guards. Belcher even helps the old lady around the house just the way the four Prussian men did for Mother Savage. In Mother Savage though, the story was mainly focused on her, and her four charges were given neither names nor individual personalities, they were mainly a single entity for the duration of the story. Also, Guests is narrated by a major character so his thoughts and feelings are open to the reader as the story progresses. In Mother Savage, while it is still told in the first-person, the narrator is far-removed from the main story what Mother Savage is thinking and feeling, the reader can only guess at. Lastly, both stories end the same way, with the guest soldiers deaths, but the reaction of the main characters of one story is the total opposite of that of the other. In Mother Savage, she is triumphant, proud of killing the four soldiers though she did this rather sneakily and the men suffered before their ends. In Guests of the Nation, it is not the old lady that kills them, but another character and the other two guests of the house had a reluctant hand in it. The deaths of the soldiers were not treated as a triumph, but a tragedy.

The turn of the nineteenth century brought about remarkable changes in the lives of African-Americans and a pioneer who reflected those revolutionary changes in his work of art is Charles W. Chesnutt. The two stories The Wife of His Youth and The Passing of Grandison delve into the legacies of slavery and reconstruction and explore the racial identity through the African-American speech and folklore. This paper throws light on Chesnutts dramatization of the complex relationship between the African-Americans and the Whites apart from the way the Blacks positioned themselves in the society which witnessed a revolution at the turn of the century. Referring to the emancipation of the Blacks, Bay states that During the nineteenth century and beyond, a defense of black humanity reverberates throughout African-American culture, crossing class and regional lines and shaping the racial thought of the educated, the ignorant and the in-between (117)

The Wife of His Youth depicts life along the color line where a light skinned man, trying to forget his black past confronts with the reality of his past at his door step until when he keeps focusing on his whiteness. In this short story Mr. Ryder, the mulatto is searching for an identity and lives between the tensions of interracial and intraracial living. He is in a moral dilemma whether to marry the young and attractive woman belonging to his class or to accept the aging but devoted wife bonded through his legally invalid marriage.

Mr. Ryder, the dean of the Blue Veins is pushed to test his personal integrity who tries to identify himself with the Whites and this tumultuous period of transition is vividly depicted by Chesnutt. Ryder justifies his policy of social climbing through social Darwinism-Self-preservation is the first law of nature  Ryder is intensely involved with the goal of Blue Vein, in order to be absorbed by the White race. Hence he strongly believed that marrying a girl from his class will further move him towards absorption for which he has been longing all along his life.

Chesnutt without any melodrama or an internal argument with Ryder concludes the short story through the action of the protagonist. Ryder introduces his wife to the gathering as such and thereby reaffirms his bond with his past life. By accepting his Black wife Ryder is not trying to renounce the ideology of Blue Vein related to upward mobility and absorption into the White race. Also he has not moved backward by such a bold step, but instead has come forward and has proved his worth through his behavior and not with his skin color. Andrews while discussing the conclusion of story, states that Ryder rises when he sacrifices a narrow notion of public success for a more private moral responsibility (115) Though the conflict within the mind of Ryder is not depicted by Chesnutt, the thoughts and actions of Ryder speak more than words and the final speech mirrors the psychology of the rising middle-class Black intellectuals.

Chesnutt uses humor and satire in The Passing of Grandison in order to interpret the thoughts and attitude of the Southern Whites towards their Black Slaves. Grandison is wearing the perfect mask of an innocent uneducated obedient slave who is loyal to his White master. The final twist comes as a surprise to both the readers and the White master as Grandison outwits his Master and flees the plantation with his entire family. With such an anti-climax, Chesnutt urges the White readers to re-examine the way they viewed the Black Slaves. Whites, controlling the Blacks physically considered themselves to be superior and Grandison outsmarts his white maser and has proven the words of  Tom Windham talking about the subhuman treatment of the Blacks stated that I think we should have our liberty cause us aint hogs or horses-us is human flesh

Chesnutt states that there is no such thing as Negro dialect. It is just to express with a certain degree of phonetic correctness in order to suggest the sound of English words as pronounced by an uneducated old Southern Black slave. Even in The Passing of Grandison, Chesnutt sparingly uses the Negro dialect in order to present reality without exaggeration or melodrama.

For the Whites, the Blacks are hardly human and hence turn blind to their motives. It never strikes Dick that Grandison would never wish to secure freedom leaving his family back at the plantation, as he believes that family is his only asset. Even when Dick informs Grandison that he is now in Canada, a free man, not bound by the clutches of slavery, he wears the mask so perfectly that he does not show sign of interest. He, in fact says Lets go back ober de ribber, Mars Dick, Grandison replies. Is feared Ill lose you ovuh heah, an den I won hab no marster, an wont nebber be able to git back home no mo.

To conclude, Chesnutt has captured the tumultuous inner struggle and the perfect masking of the Blacks in the two short stories.  He has not only closely studied the attitude of the Whites towards their Black Slaves, but also the way Blacks viewed themselves and their relationship with the Whites.

I will first address recruiting additional engineering talent to supplement our current engineers.
While designing the recruiting strategy, for factors were considered, which were (i) make or buy employees (ii) methods used in the recruitment and selection process (iii) where to look for potential candidates and (iv) methods of approaching these candidates (Aswathappa, 2005). I believe the best way to recruit quality professionals is to adopt the buy strategy. This means that we will be able to attract recruits who are already very skilled, have past leadership experience and are used to the pressure found in the industry. These people will be able to start working immediately, with little training required. Also, they will not have any problems in blending in with the culture of our company, which strives for quality and leadership. Secondly, the methods of the recruitment and selection process will combine the use of technological and personal means. With the aid of computer technology, we will be able to reach a broad category of job seekers in the initial stages quickly and without incurring major costs. Furthermore, we will focus on both internal and external recruitment to look for potential employees. Finally, we will approach these candidates through various forms of advertisements including print and electronic mediums. The aim of this strategy is to find and attain the best talent available in the local labour market, so that our products can retain their position as being the standard in the pipe industry.

In order to be successful in this strategy, we will attract new engineers by
Branding  while recruiting new engineers, our emphasis will be on the promise of exciting, innovative and growing opportunities that we can offer as an employer. This will be supported by the credibility our company name carries, acquired from being the industry leader and through our continuous efforts to stay ahead of the competition. Nearly all employees, whether experiences or recent graduates look for certain factors such as career growth opportunities and innovative workplace while selecting employers to apply to (BNET, 2006). Thus, it is important to demonstrate our workplace to potential recruits as a gateway to acquire valuable experience and satisfaction of working at a cutting edge organization, offering the best resources available.

Equal Opportunities  In our recruiting process, we will ensure that we conduct ethical recruiting and selection practices. This means that we will not discriminate on the basis of sex, race, pay grade and disability (Foot  Hook, 1996). This will allow us to sustain our image as a socially responsible organization which genuinely cares about its employees. As a result of the integrity displayed by these good conducts, the employees we recruit will stay committed to the organization.  

We will use the following sources to look for engineers
Employee Referrals  This is a very effective method, especially when an organization already has a large number of employees, as is the case at our organization (Luthans, 2000). The first and foremost benefit of internal recruitments is that many people can be reached with very little cost incurred. Secondly, people presently employed at our company have a fairly good idea of what kind of candidates we are looking for and they are easily able to recommend people from close relations who will be able to fit in the category of engineers we are looking for.

Professional and Trade Associations  We will also seek recruits through the professional and trade associations we have memberships with. Many of these associations publish job advertisements in their journalsmagazines which are regularly viewed by professionals of the respective industries. In this way, we will be able to concentrate on engineers with the specific qualifications we are looking for.

Campus Recruitments  This type of recruitment is very popular with prestigious companies around the country. Since our aim is to make sure that we are the top recruiter in the pumps industry and stay ahead of our competitors, we must ensure that we get a hold of fresh talent. Recent graduates are always up to date on the latest trends and will bring in many new ideas as well.

After successful recruiting we will select engineers to join our company as follows
Selection Tests  Initial screening of candidates will be based on tests that we will conduct. Only applicants who match the requirements of our job descriptions will be asked to sit for the tests. The tests will be divided in two parts Ability tests and Personality tests.

I will ensure that this method is valid by concurrent validity (Aswathappa, 2005). The characteristics of successful employees will be identified and will be used as benchmarks when evaluating the tests.
I will ensure that this method is reliable by making sure that the test is conducted in a standardized manner and can be interpreted likewise by two or more people.

Employment Interview  Interviews are the most popular method of selection for all employers. They provide the employer an opportunity of a thorough analysis of a candidates capabilities as a person and a professional as well as a chance for the applicant to learn more about the company.
I will ensure that this method is valid by making sure that the interviews are structured, allowing the interviewee to talk as much as possible and evaluating the interviewee immediately after the interview is conducted.

I will ensure that this method is reliable by making sure that questions are predetermined and that the same questions are posed to all applicants. Also, all interviews will be conducted by more than one person to avoid any stereotyping.

We will use the following method to make the final selection
The line manager and I will evaluate the shortlisted candidates and evaluate their test and interview results based on benchmarks set by historical performance of employees at the company as well as our personal judgments.

This method will be used because the line manager and I will be administering the entire recruitment and selection process and are considered to have thorough knowledge of our respective departments.
In addition to bringing in new engineers, we must retain our current engineers. I recommend the following

Hold exit interviews  This will help determine the precise causes of the increasing employee turnover and will highlight areas we can improve in as an employer.

Continuous growth and skill development  By consistently investing in the development of our employees and promising them growth opportunities in the company, we can reduce the turnover rate significantly.

Literature oftentimes reflects a countrys culture and peoples conflicts, struggles  aspirations, as well as social relations. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift and The Man to Send Rain Clouds by Leslie Marmon Silko are clear-cut illustrations. These two well-written literary selections mirror distinct cultures and racial identities.  Using different writing styles, Swift and Silko captivate their readers and make them want to keep reading using descriptive details gleaned from their own personal experiences and keen observations, coupled with literary devices. Jonathan Swift uses a satirical style, while Silko shows an engaging storytelling style replete with descriptive details. Comparing the writing style of two authors shows that there are unique  engaging ways to present societal truths, and the authors cultural background can have a major influence or impact on a literary piece.

Discussion
A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift begins in an almost oratorical but candid manner, presenting with absolute frankness how he feels about the underprivileged womenfolk from his homeland, Ireland, who have more children than they can support. In order to express the wretched conditions that he foresees the children in Ireland to experience sooner or later, the Anglo-Irish writer assumes the tone of a concerned public citizen and suggests a radical way of dealing with overpopulation and dismal economic condition in Ireland  impoverished parents can sell their children to the elite to be eaten as succulent delicacies. Clearly the technique of non-rational appeal can be effective in getting reader attention and possibly instigating people to act on a grim social reality.

Jonathan Swift offers his startlingly bizarre proposal using a straightforward manner, as follows  I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food (James and Merickel 231). It may be surmised that the author wanted to spur people to action rather than just lament  a societal truth. He uses dramatic irony to satirize a social ill, namely poverty, and possibly rouse individuals and institutions from their complacency.

Swift presents his argumentative points in a matter-of-fact manner, while utilizing Middle English words, like when he remonstrates another evil in the line, There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas (James  Merickel 230).

Using a first person point of view, Swift presents arguments backed up by numerical estimates and shows a perceptive stance in presenting a critical view of the society to which he belongs. He paints a bleak picture for children of poor Irish parents who will carry on the perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through the oppression of landlords, the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade, the want of common sustenance, with neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever (James  Merickel 235).

Being an Irish himself lends much credibility to Jonathan Swifts argumentative point.  By using eloquent language to express his sentiments about societal truths, he certainly engages the reader while also revealing that an authors audacity  to challenge established norms  values can be put to great use, notably by spurring people to think  act.

The Man to Send Rain Clouds by Leslie Marmon Silko, on the other hand, is a simply yet poignant tale about how two cultures can interlock, especially in the face of great misfortune. To highlight the mythical and historic backgrounds, as well as rituals of  the Indian -American race, Silko uses using the third person point of view and rich descriptive details. She utilizes literary devices like symbolisms and similes, like in the line the water fell through the light from sundown like August rain that fell while the sun was still shining, almost evaporating before it touched the wilted squash flowers (Silko par. 37).

While there is a tragedy that is brought to readers attention at the start of the short story, Silko focuses mainly on the concerns, idiosyncrasies and beliefs of her fellow native Americans. Aside from making the reader want to read further, mainly by drawing attention to unique cultural practices and the enthralling landscape, she imparts in subtle manner deeper issues like how two cultures may come together in an unexpected way. Possible symbolisms of nature may be gleaned in the line, Leon turned to look up at the high blue mountains in the deep snow that reflected a faint red light from the west (Silko par. 39) Just like Jonathan Swift, Silkos racial origins helped in the accurate presentation of historical details and nuances befitting the characters portrayed. The main difference is that while  Swift relied mainly on satire and wit to expose and attack human frailties, particularly helplessness and foolishness in begetting more offsprings than Irish families can support, Silko used objective storytelling style and description to effectively convey her message.

Conclusion
Literature can truly depict culture and the identity, struggles and aspirations of a people, but it can only do so in a powerful  effective way through the authors skills. Jonathan Swift and Leslie Marmon Silko are two  such writers whose racial identities render them powerful voices who can bring social realities and issues into the consciousness of people in unique and creative ways.

In the short story, Guest of the Nation, the writer potrays the conflict between friendship and duty. The narrator, which is the main protagonist, is faced whether to conform to his role as a combatant or to consider the humanity of their enemies, which in the process of captive became his pals.

Guest of the Nation is a short story written by Frank O Connor, an Irish author of over 150 masterpieces which includes short stories and memoirs. The short story apparently portray the execution of the two Englishmen, Hawkins and Belcher, held captive by a small group of rebels  during the War of Independence. The short story has four sections, wherein each section takes a different tone and mood. In the first section, the writer reveals the surprisingly real sense of camaraderie between the English prisoners and their two Irish captors. They play cards and argue about different topics such as politics, religion and the capitalist system. In the first part, one can see human attachment even if they come from opposing groups. In the second section however, Bonaparte, the narrator, discovers that if some Irish prisoners being held captive by the British Army are shot, he together with Noble will have to shoot their English friends in retaliation. This news truly disturbs Bonaparte and in the next morning, he has a difficulty facing his prisoners. A few days later, an intelligence officer for the rebels arrives with the news that four Irishmen were executed or shot by the English. As a form of revenge, it is inevitable that the rebels will have to kill and execute Hawkins and Belcher in the evening. Bonaparte and Noble, whom the prisoners became friends, are the one assigned to do the retaliation. The tension is clearly manifested as the two Irishmen struggle between duty and friendship. When they have to transfer the two prisoners, they make up a story but Hawkins does not believe them. However as the truth settles in, Hawkins tries to persuade the Irishmen rebels not to kill them, arguing that, if their positions are reversed, he would never shoot  a pal   Though the narrator regards them as a man rather than an enemy , his duty goes first due to the inevitability of the situation. In the last section, it ends with the two Englishmen being killed. The final part of the story describes the consequences of the narrators betrayal within himself. After the killings, he looks up at the dark sky feeling very small and lost.

Noble says he saw everything ten times the size, as though there were nothing in the whole world but that little patch of bog with the two Englishmen stiffening into it, but with me it was as if the patch of bog where the Englishmen were was a million miles away, and even Noble and the old woman, mumbling behind me, and the birds and the bloody stars were all far away, and I was somehow very small and very lost and lonely like a child astray in the snow. And anything that happened to me afterwards, I never felt the same about again (OConnor).

The main theme in the story is duty. The narrators perception of duty is established on submission to the orders of someone higher than he in position. His interpretation and his fulfillment of duty however brings him guilt as his conscience continuously disturbs him. But at the same time, his duty absolves him to decide for himself on what to next to the prisoners. The short story can apparently be regarded as an expression of revulsion against war, a call to turn away from armed struggle.

Ultimately it is a humanist statement that no cause, no matter how right, can justify killing. The short story is somehow a subtle social movement during the writers times that discourages wars and political conflicts since the sense of humanity of the main participants, the soldiers, is at stake. Just like any other writers, OConnor uses literature as a significant medium to give the readers a glimpse of social reality that is often ignored. War makes soldiers prisons of their own ghosts.  The question revolves in whether duty is more important than human attachment.

Life is a notion that is generally related to human beings or animals but most people, forget that everything else in our environment has a life of its own. They take advantage of whatever uses they provide and without thinking twice they use them for their own benefit. The life of a tree is essential in a way that throughout their lifetime they generate more good in the world than we can ever imagine. Every single day, these living forms are being exterminated for the utilization of their nutrients in hope of maybe saving the life of a human being. The prevails of humans in these circumstances may seem to be correct for the short term but in the long run, the trees being extinct may not be the only ones. The question whether the environment is the one supposed to prevail or whether it is people who should prevail as far as this is concerned proves to be hard-hitting on the grounds that both depend on each other to some extent. Logically if we are to fathom the concept in this whole issue and get into details, then the nature is quite imperative and no human justification can beat that.

If we were to take a perspective criterion on why people imperil the life of an innocent tree, then we would be at a rout on the grounds of ignorance as reasons behind it are completely egocentric. Questions like the impact of shortages of trees as far as global warming is concerned should take the center stage. The other query is incase trees are being cut for medical purposes, is there a clear assurance that the human life will be saved in the process With all the effective technology that is there to cure diseases, why annihilate the trees Trees and basically forests should be given credit for their impact on global ecosystems. According to Jocelyn, Rainforests give a place that can be called home to 50- 90 of all organisms. Human life also do benefit from what this trees do offer as far as food is concerned. Trees do perk up the eminence of air that species breathe as they trap carbon and particles produced by pollution. They decide on rainfall and replenish the ambiance. They generally regulate and cool the earths climate. Trees prevent soil erosion and make the most infertile soil rich with life.

What happens if this tree is cut Obviously it endangers the life of the ecosystem, soil erosion will be experienced and the air will have been tampered with and people will definitely die because of suffocation. On the other hand, the reason this topic is contentious is because as much as most of the time when we think about deforestation we reflect about it in a negative concept, we only think about depletion of natural resources, global warming and the normal extinction of fauna and flora, we hardly stop to think what cutting of trees would bring unto us. One of the benefits of cutting trees is based on economic remuneration. We simply can not live without lumber that is used to make tables, houses or paper. Wood is basically one of the basic natural resources. Many jobs also revolve around wood and if it was not cut then some people would be jobless. The main issue is to plant more trees after cutting.

There is a so-so chance that if the tree is cut for medical purposes then definitely the person will be completely cured. The probability that the person will get cured is half. On this notion is there a good reason to cut the tree for a scenario that is not definite To some point it is completely unfounded to end the life of a tree that can be used for other gains for own egotistic grounds. Human beings should seek synthetically related treatment from a medical health practitioner. On the other hand, what will happen to people who can not meet the costs of the hospital or to buy drugs What about people who are hindered by culture, religion and traditions from going to hospital or better still to take any synthetic drug.

Some situations like this are completely catastrophic if you come to think about it. Under this circumstance both the environment and the human beings prevail to some extent. Very rarely does such a scenario that is two sided give enough satisfaction. The main issue is for everybody to know the importance of trees and to get people who can clearly convince them that the other side is equally bright. Whether beliefs contradict reality and fiction, there is always a better side to both issues.
Today there is enough technology for remedial treatment to be produced synthetically without exterminating the trees.  According to Leslie, there are more than one hundred and twenty divergent chemicals derived from trees and more so plants. They are considered as imperative drugs and used globally. Several of the drugs that are sold today are simply some plain synthetic adaptation of naturally obtained substances. Examples of synthetically produced drugs are Ipecac from a topical plant called Cephaelis ipecacuanha. The drug is used to induce vomiting. Another example is Paclitaxel from a plant tree called Taxol and is used to cure cancer. Berberine is a drug used to cure dysentery and is produced from a tree plant called Berberis vulgaris. The other example of a drug produced from plants is Gossypol which is a male contraceptive and originates from Gossypium species. With all this synthetically produced drugs there is no enough justification to exterminate trees and plants that can be utilized in other ways.

The main quandary in all this is that most people are plainly ignorant. They do not focus about tomorrow, they only think about that specific time. People are easy to manipulate and goes with what works for them without caring about others. They cut trees to get medicines from them even when situations favor them to go and seek assistance elsewhere. For those who have no choice, they are too ill- bred to think of replacing the tree they have cut. The world is occupied with too many people of whom most of them are irrational and self centered. They destroy beautiful nature to get some few coins or to ape what everybody else is doing without reasoning on the impact. They have no second thought on what they do and are too careless to be stewards to nature. People need to apprehend that climate change is a despicable predicament resulting from shortage of woodlands and can therefore fix the problem by re-planting forests that we killed. The main defy is to put more concentration on environment and basically nature for as one Mathai said, if we destroy the environment it will come back to destroy us. From this squabble I assert that both human beings and environment prevails and the challenge is for people to give logic a chance.

Language combined with a defined way of writing can be used by a poet such that the end result would be one that would leave the reader literally visualizing the content. This the author achieves as he takes us with him as he explores the sky in his aircraft whilst also taking in the vastness of it all. The poem, a sonnet as exhibited by its fourteen line structure has a feel of what it would be like being in a plane that is maneuvering in various directions. The poem itself seems to twirl and dart and soar like a plane in the sky. In the last four lines you can actually feel the plane fly slowly higher and higher (Bagman 2007).Examples of alliteration include oh i have slipped the surly bonds of earth, sunward ive climbed, and joined the tumbling mirth, up, up the long, delirious, burning blue and and, while with silent lifting mind ive trod etc.

The meaning of the poem centers mainly on the joys of flying. It almost seems as though the author wants those who will never have that opportunity to fly to experience how it would be and what a life changing experience it is. The subject of this poem is an aircraft as he refers to it in line 2 as and danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings. Images conjured up include the vastness of space when he talks of ive chased the shouting wind along, and flung my eager craft through footless halls of air. The immense joy of the pilot can be discerned as he attests to this by saying that he and danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings. Rhyming is also seen in every other line i.e. the end syllables of the first and third line are the same-earth and mirth as are for lines five and seven-swung and flung respectively.

HIGH FLIGHT by JOHN MAGEE

This is a visually stimulating poem on what it must be like to be in flight and to take in the incredible sights. The grand nature of it all seems to have given the pilot some introspection such that he wants to reach beyond and comprehend it all.

This is the story of my first real experience with music. First though, I must explain the circumstances of its entry into my life. You see, I am a newly transferred student to the American University, and I had actually accomplished my first two years of college in my home country, Saudi Arabia. When enrolling for this semesters classes, my advisor informed me that she will be the one to pick and enroll me into my classes. This, is how I found my self enrolled in a music class. Thinking to avoid the embarrassing situation (I ended up finding myself in anyway), I contacted her to explain my situation as a student who had no background in music whatsoever. She said that it was not necessary to have a background on music to enroll in that particular class. Her answer comforted me and right then I figured that I just might enjoy an introductory music class that comfort, of course, only lasted me through the first few minutes of class.

After thoroughly explaining the syllabus, our music professor wrote some rhythm notes on the board and asked us to complete them, in order for it to have a meaningful rhythm. He said that this exercise was to refresh our memories. I remember thinking Memories This is the first time Ive ever seen these, how could I have memories of them to refresh Slightly panicked, I started to look at the people around me, hoping to find that other people were just as confused as I was. No such luck. All of my classmates were busy answering away, obviously familiar with these notes and the lesson. After a couple of minutes, the professor said I think that all of you should be done with the notes, now compare your answers with those of your neighbor. My seatmate turned to me with an expectant look and said Easy, isnt it Slightly ashamed, I confessed that I had no background in music at all, and so of course I had no answers to compare with hers. After she heard this, she was rather shocked. She looked at me with an expression that pretty much said What are you doing here then She then turned her back on me to face her other seatmate, and started to compare her notes with his instead. They were telling each other how easy and silly the exercise was.

Later, our professors assistant distributed rhythm notes sheets and asked us to clap with the rhythm on them, and that the professor would be accompanying us on the piano. Once the professor started playing, the whole class started to clap consistently and with enthusiasm. I, on the other hand, was left looking around feeling rather surprised and foolish, and I was pretty sure it showed on my face. Our professor was staring at me while he was playing the piano I suppose I did stand out quite a bit as I was the only student who was not clapping along with the music. After finishing the piece, he smiled at me and said You should look up the website readings in order to cope up with the course. I was really embarrassed, and I promised him that I would definitely read the notes as soon as I could. To be honest, I was getting rather suspicious if I was in the right class at all. I turned to one of my neighbors and asked her whether this really was the Understanding Music class. She nodded with surprise, so much for stumbling into the wrong class.

Then, the students had started to argue among themselves about some of the pieces that were being played in class. I was hearing such strange musical terms that I figured were related to musical instruments. They were criticizing these pieces and suggesting some editing to have a better rhythm than another. I had no idea what they were talking about, and I felt so out of place. This was my very first class in the American University. I was starting what should have been a fun and exciting time for me studying in this new school.  Instead of easing me into this new phase of my life, this very first incident was doing quite the opposite, it made me doubt myself and my decisions. I was starting to have severe reservations about this experience and thinking Well, that is definitely not a good beginning, maybe I should consider dropping this course

Then, the professor asked us If you were to choose between losing your sight and losing you hearing, which would you prefer It must have been a rhetorical question though as he immediately answered his own question himself, Well, being blind of course. He told us about an experiment that was executed by isolating a group of people and blocking their ears totally, temporarily robbing them of their hearing. In a matter of a mere three hours, those people were on the verge of insanity. From that standpoint, he said. we should realize how important music is. It is through music that our souls are enriched It was that story and that statement that made me think twice about dropping the course. I began to think about the vital role of music in our lives, or at least, what it could be if we let it. There were people who lived their whole lives around music. I have heard of people whose very lifeblood is music even if they were hungry, music seemed to be enough for them. I thought of the people who are brought to the heights of sheer joy by music. There must be something to it then, if music can keep a persons sanity intact. I was curious as to how an arrangement of mere sounds can enrich the soul. I started to think that maybe, learning about music will make me understand what it is about it that makes it so special. With this, I became convinced that learning music might just be as important as learning mathematics or history.

These exercises to refresh the memory and all these students who were so well-acquainted with music in that class overwhelmed me. It was as if in this place, everyone was already expected to have some basic working knowledge of music, and not knowing anything about it was considered strange. This concept was entirely different from what I had grown up thinking. The culture here and that of my home country regard music in ways that are pretty much polar opposites. All throughout my years in elementary school, I did not take a single class that was related to music, nor any performing art. It was not that I disliked music and so avoided it, it was just never offered as part of the curricula. As a matter of fact, there is no single school or university in my country that teaches a single course in music. I do enjoy listening to music, but my appreciation of it has always been superficial. I have never asked myself how was that song played, or which instruments were involved in that piece I never gave a second thought about what feelings a certain song evokes in me, or what it is exactly about that song that makes me feel that way. One just does not bother with nuances like that, a song is a song, and that was all it is. This was the mindset I was accustomed to as never had any kind of performing arts been a top priority in the education system of my country. In the United Stated on the other hand, a standard high school graduate is familiar with at least the basics of music. Its even possible that children in American elementary schools had more knowledge of music than a college graduate in my home country. In Saudi, people simply did care about music studies. In fact, some extremist religious considered music as haram, which means forbidden. The art of music had no place in the lives of the ordinary people it was never talked about or brought up, it was as if it did not even exist. It was not because people hated it and actively tried to suppress it, though as I said some did consider it forbidden, it is just that no one really considered it relevant enough in their lives.  Apathy- that is the best word I can think of to describe the attitude towards music that I had grown up around.

This whole music class debacle made me recall something involving my mother. My mother wasnt raised in Saudi. Therefore, she took many of music classes while she was in school. She became fascinated by the art of music, and considered playing the piano as one of her main hobbies. When her family moved back to Saudi, she enrolled in one of the universities there. She was so frustrated when she found out that the university did not offer a single music class. Until this very day, she vehemently criticizes the Saudi universities and the schools for not bringing the knowledge of music into their classrooms. My mother had always encouraged me to learn how to play piano, and had always emphasized the importance and joys of understanding music. To be frank, my attitude towards all her encouragement had always been rather apathetic too. Maybe it was the reverse-psychology of a child when his parents push their passions or hobbies onto him, or maybe I just adopted the attitude I saw around me. Even when I mention my mothers insistence to my father, he just laughs and says That is so silly. Im not quite sure where my own disinterest stemmed from, I had honestly never wondered about it until recently.

When I called my friends in Saudi, I told them about that incident. We were all laughing about the sheer embarrassment I had faced. But when I started to explain for them how important it is to learn music, instead of being convinced, they just started to make fun of me and teased me about my first day experience again. I think they called it, the electrical shock. I just let the subject go and let them have their fun at my expense. I knew they could not understand as I believe that a person learns something better through actually living an experience and not just hearing about it. For me, thanks to that humiliating first day of class, I have now opened my eyes to the importance of music and not just so I would not be laughed at again.

I believe that this experience made me aware of the value of trying to understand the intangible beauty of performing arts, music especially. We see them and hear them everywhere everyday, but it is only when one really learns about them that one can appreciate them in a wholly different level. I talked to the professor by the end of that first class and explained my situation to him. Fortunately, he was extremely helpful and guided me to check some useful websites other than the official sources, in order for me to better acquaint myself with the material. Now, Ive successfully finished that course and I really would have missed out on so much if I had just given up on it like I had thought about doing that first day. I remember my professor telling me that music is more important than any other discipline. In a way, I think hes right. We will stop using all the other disciplines at some point in our lives when were old and can barely remember what we had for lunch. Math and science will be of no use to us then but until our last breath, as long as we can still hear even if it were just a whisper, we can still appreciate music.

This paper seeks to make logos analysis of the following articles Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home  by Chong-Suk Han , Not Only Natalie is Missing by OConnor , and Skin-Dee- What Polls of Minorities Miss by Bositis, David.  To conduct logos analysis, this paper will examine the appeal to reasons used as supported by evidence by authors on what they are trying to evoke and whether they have succeeded in their attempts.
         
In the case of the Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home Han was asserting that the about the obvious bias of equating Asian men to gays as compared with the non-Asia men in the United States.  To support his assertion, he cited a much-admired play M Butterfly by David Henry Hwang where the main character, Song Linling, has explained his ability to trick a French lieutenant into accepting as something truth he was a woman for nearly two decades and the cause was due  to the lieutenant powerlessness to see him as any other than a woman and not because of the trick.  Songs possibly not using of mastery of deception to cause the lieutenant to believe, the situation could only support the assertion and Asian men as Song Linling character has played, could only be regarded as meek as portrayed by the mainstream media in the United States.   Such an act of profiling or marking for an Asian man as a typical asexual houseboy types which could be viewed as sexual deviancy could only drive Asian men to finding their true identity in American compared to Caucasian counterparts.
         
Hans assertion of such media portrayal of Asian men as gays convinces readers by his having cited a magazine catering to young urban males about the latters featured item that challenged readers to ascertain given was in fact a gay or Asian.  Such use of writing could only indeed point to the strong bias of profiling or marking such Asian men as gays since the article would imply that it would be hard to separate what an Asian Man from a gay.  The controversy has in fact generated a protest and again Han cited the surprisingly silent reaction of the majority in the larger community and hence strengthening his assertion on equating Asian Men to gay.
       
In Not Only Natalie is Missing, OConnor argued about the obvious discrimination committed against non-white women by not giving the latter a kind of media exposure compared with their missing white women in America. She cited  Philadelphia blogger Richard Blair who witnessed weeks of media coverage to the story of the May 30 disappearance of Natalee Hollaway while on a high school graduation trip to Aruba.
         
To support her claim for discrimination against black, she cited what happened one July 18 about another young woman by the name of LaToyla Figueora who also went missing. The latter woman this was noted as kind of smiling and attractive young woman and surprisingly her disappearance has become daily part of television news coverage, predominantly in cable news but only after her frustrated family had resorted to taking their case in a busy street corner by protesting as they drew attention to her disappearance with help of blogger Blair and other Philadelphia bloggers.
         
To make clearer the discrimination, the author argued that missing women frequently depicted on television are overwhelmingly white. Such evidence of discrimination on media disparity about their reporting brings the extent the racial discrimination even in their rights to be known by the crimes that they have committed against the black persons.  She cited cases of white women who had much exposure such as Laci Peterson, Chandra Levy and Jennifer Wilbanks. On other hand, she also cited critics appraisal on a number of missing black Latina women that had got little or media attentions from the national media.
         
In the case of Skin-Deep- What Polls of Minorities Miss Bositis, exposed the wrong consequences of skin-deep polls conducted involving minorities in terms of programs and policies affecting said minorities.
         
He exposed the fact that the medias knowledge of African Americans, Asians and Latinos is sadly wanting.  He agreed that opinion polls are conducted about minority-group for more information but results and findings were merged vaguely with those of general populations and the necessary decision that would be made for the use of information would become unresolved as a result because of the eventual unreliability of data from surveys for polls taken from the general population.  This would be therefore resulting to wrong information leading to wrong decision for minority people in the US.  The lack of reliable data would therefore cause policy makers to extrapolate and they could only be at best guessing since information used could only be misleading and therefore could become more risky. Compared to a work of physician unreliable or wrong data could result to wrong diagnosis of the problem or patient and therefore the remedy or medication would most probably be wrong and would simply be waste of money.
         
To convince readers the author has cited statistical terms which are directly relevant to the issue on polls since statistics is said to be the science of data.  To emphasize the unreliable data or information, he talked about the larger margin of error in case of minority-group breakouts.  Large margin of error means insufficiency of samples used in the survey regarding minorities which obviously sounds as discrimination against non-white in the US and could seriously affect policy making on non-whites.   Such problem in not conducting the proper survey on minorities neglects as well gender differences as cited by the author in evidence and could further complicates the real purpose of why information from polls is being made in the first place.
         
To conclude this paper confirms the authors have argued well and supported what they were trying to evoke in the article.  By properly citing evidence in support of their assertions, readers may easily be intellectually influenced to take their positions based on the objective evidence.  All the articles can also be considered to have common grounds on discrimination committed against non-whites. Given the assertions of each article and evidences presented, one could only agree with the roots and branches of discrimination against non-white at the time of the writing of said articles.

It becomes clear from Douglasss autobiography that the system of slavery worked becausea core group of managers within the plantation system werewilling to systematically torture, abuse, and terrorize slaves--and a great many more people who may not have participatedin such behavior directlynevertheless condoned it, or at least did not object to it. Howcan this be How could an entire society acquiesce to such barbaric behavior

Frederick Douglass was considered one of the leading advocates of the abolition of slavery and he had experienced it himself first hand how the practice of slavery could be evil even though the southern plantation owners who subscribed to it claimed it was something necessary.

Douglass, and several others like him experienced brutality a the hands of their owners or sometimes the so-called,  slave-breakers  whose role was to punish escaped slaves through torture.  Slaves would go through different forms of torture ranging from physical, which mainly consisted of flogging, rape on the part of the women and occasionally murder.  There was also psychological torture as a form of mind control to keep the slaves docile.  This was manifested by keeping them ignorant by discouraging or forbidding them even to read.  Slave owners feared that if slaves were at least literate, they might turn against them.  This was also to ensure their continued domination over them (Douglas, 1845).

It is so strange to see such civilized and cultured people in the South would regard African-Americans as inferior to them and even cite Scripture in justifying their treatment of these people whom did did not regard as people at all but part of their property.  They even called it the  necessary evil  and even tried to use the laws as their shield to prevent this right from being taken away from them.  One can see here that the South practiced a double-standard when dealing with these people.  Economic pragmatism cannot justify something morally wrong.

The Vietnam War is considered as an integral part of the American history and the America today. Its impact has been deep both on the political aspect and also in the cultural and ideological aspects. The war was fought between 1964 to1975 and the area of South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia, and Laos became the main battlefield.

The two parties that were involved in the war can be mainly divided into two groups. First was the group of the anti communist forces which included the United States of America, The Republic of Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. On the other hand the other group can be called the communist forces and they comprised of with the coalition of Democratic republic of Vietnam, also known as North Vietnam, National Liberation Front which was a communist led guerilla movement. This guerilla movement was supported by the USSR both military and to some extent financially, but they themselves never got involved in the conflict.

From an American point of view the Vietnam War is not considered a very wise move from the state authorities at that time. For over fifteen years it became a daily part of life for most of the Americans, even though there is no proper consensus on the justification which has been given to support this act, its purpose and the results derived from this activity.
 
Some of the experts believe that the Vietnam War was a national policy blunder and a big failure of the part of the policy makers. As a result of this blunder there was a very heavy price which was paid by the Americans and the cost included 58000 Americans losing their lives and billions of tax dollars (Schroeder).

If we closely analyze the situation that time it would become quite evident that the war started out very benevolently, when the American advisors were sent to help the South Vietnamese. The primary objective of this was to give passage to the South Vietnamese army to resist the aggression which was caused from the north. Apart from that another purpose was to safeguard their sovereignty as a democratic nation.    
       
As we have already stated that the war was fought for around fifteen years and during this time several American administrations changed. The role and influence of America in Vietnam also expanded until the war became an American lead financial conflict. At the early stages American was just a helping hand in the war but with the passage of time they became the most important stakeholder of the whole crisis.   American troops were leading the coalition army and the size of the troops kept on increasing. Besides the land troops a massive air war was also started in order to eradicate the escalating resupply and enforcements of the North Vietnamese division in the South.
Besides America, the South Vietnamese received financial aid from a host of different nations. These included Thailand, South Korea, Philippines, and Australia from where the bulk of the manpower was received bus still the war was predominantly and American aggression shown.

As we have mentioned above that the war divided the American society into bits and pieces and soon after American involvement increased in the region protest and riots exploded around the country.
The implications of these riots and protests were quiet fruitful and soon the American government realized that this conflict seems endless and as a matter of fact they come into negotiations with the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese.  The negotiations between both the parties were held in Paris and as talks were going the American combat strategy changed and soon it converted from an offensive battle into a defensive operation. The Americans had to do this as to show good faith and gesture but this strategic change had an adverse effect on the ground. The morale of the troops went low and the on ground situation became worse.

In the early 1970s another peace agreement was reached, the Americans were badly stuck in this crisis as the war was costing them very heavily. The American congress wanted to get rid of this cancer which was expanding with time. As a matter of fact the logistical aid was gradually pulled away from the South Vietnamese. After this development the North Vietnamese had a good chance of regaining ground and so they did. Many sections of the agreement were overlooked and they overran the remaining areas which were controlled by the South Vietnamese.
            
The year 1975 proved out to be decisive for this war as Saigon which is the capital of South Vietnamese fell and the accomplishment of the job of North over South was complete.  Soon after that a large number of refugees arrived among which the Americans took many of them.    The war was ended but the wound that were caused by this far can still be found also the pain and confusion from this misinterpreted war remain till day (Schroeder).

Drug use among U.S forces in Vietnam
The use of drug among American soldiers is not a new case, in the year 1898 the American forces acquired control of Philippines to suppress the guerilla uprisings and this was the first time when the American soldiers learned to smoke opium. The drug addiction between the American soldiers was escalating at a very high pace, so and so that in the year 1903 a meeting was called by the American pharmaceutical association to find the reason behind it. This drug addiction did not left the American soldiers and the next time when they entered Vietnam for a similar kind of an operation the drug use became epidemic. According to the author The single most important cause of the transformation was the decline in iatrogenic opiate addiction (Courtwright 110).

This time the drug of which the American became addicted was marijuana. Before the arrival of the American forces marijuana was very much present in Vietnam. Experts believe that the reason why the American became so much addictive of this drug is because in that part of the world drug was not very well defined and the punishment of using drug was not given much priority in their criminal justice. The government had little influence over the proliferation of marijuana which made it very easily accessible. A survey which was conducted in 1966 showed that at that point of time only in Saigon there were 29 outlets where marijuana was easily available (Prugh).

The American soldiers started using marijuana even before the war broke through as early as 1963 which was the advisory period. As we have said earlier that the marijuana was very easily available and one instance which can be quoted here just to have an idea that how much common this drug was in Vietnam can be known from that fact that some of the U.S marines were able to get this from street sellers as they used to pass through the urban areas of the country.

One thing which is of upmost importance here is that according to the American army code of conduct the use of drug was a court martial offense and a minor trace of marijuana was considered as a criminal offense. Another issue which affected the trial was the lack of crime laboratory in Vietnam and this haunted the process of punishment for the marijuana offenders. In the year 1968 crime laboratory was being placed in Vietnam which soothed the process to some extent. In the same year marijuana detecting dogs were also being brought in to search for marijuana among the soldiers (Solis). The use of drug became so much popular among the marines that in 1969 a drug treatment centre was established for the rehabilitation of the drug users of the infantry regiment.
  
Before 1968 the use of marijuana was not considered as a very big crime but with the increasing number of marijuana addicts things started to became very complicated for the American high officials. Stories became publicize that described the on ground situation of the soldiers and due to which the higher officials of the U.S army had to tag it as a problem which needed immediate consideration. After much thought and discussions a comprehensive program was designed to eliminate the use of this particular drug. To make this program more effective a widespread campaign was started in which media was also taken on board. The armed forces radio and television were used to announce the danger of marijuana consumption and other drug awareness lectures became compulsory for the soldiers. The quarters where the troops use to stay were checked, physicians and other legal officers use to advice the soldiers about the hazards associated with the use of marijuana. They use to tell that the use of marijuana would not only damage them psychologically but it would also have an adverse effect on the people dependent on them.

Besides the education of the soldiers another step which was taken by the American higher officials to get rid of this issue was that they pressurize the Vietnamese government to ban the sale and use of marijuana. Local authorities were ordered to prohibit its cultivation and the issue didnt stop here aircrafts were used to locate marijuana fields and after the confirmation of the location troops were sent there to destroy those crops.  

The problem didnt end here besides marijuana numerous other drugs were also available to the U.S soldiers these drugs included opium that cost around 1 while morphine went for 5 per vial. Apart from these drugs addictive tablets of Binoctal which consisted of Amytal and Seconal were also consumed by the U.S forces. These tablets were very easily available from any of the Vietnamese pharmacy store. By the end of 1970 heroin also came into market, the soldiers used to pour heroin into the cigarette after which it was smoked. Eventually the U.S marines got rid of marijuana but it was replaced by heroin that made the condition even worse.

In the spring of 1971 two congress men presented a report which claimed that 15 percent of the U.S servicemen in Vietnam are addicted to heroin. As we have discussed before that the U.S officials were terrified with this situation and to cope up with this problem several technique were used including military discipline and amnesty. But these procedures didnt work up to what was expected as the soldiers had become serious heroin addicts (Robins).  

While trying to investigate the reason why the use of drug was ever increasing one thing that came under notice was peer pressure. Soldiers in Vietnam used to take marijuana and other drugs and even those who would not do his back home were also indulged into these activity. Also when young soldiers used to come to a strange land with potential enemies around them then they were most likely to be influenced by their senior officers who preceded them to Vietnam.  

Affect of Vietnam
The affect of the Vietnam War was badly faced by the American government both on the political side as well as at the societal side. The mounting price tag which was accumulated with the war slowed the pace of the American economy. This economic unrest became the centre of attention for most of the leaders of that time and nationwide protest started. Many of the critical people of that time started to raise their concerns over the war and labeled the American aggression as a waste of American lives and mishandling of American resources and money. According to them the billions of dollars that were put into fire by this American militancy could be used in a better way by providing the needy American citizens a better standard of living. According to the author The controversial defeat in Vietnam caused a painful, national catharsis in American Society, which represented a sea change in American cultural history (Wiest 88).    
        
As we have discussed earlier that the Vietnam War divided the American society and one aspect of this division came into existence when some of the African-American leaders viewed this war in racial terms. Their main concern was that why the majority of men fighting in Vietnam were black. Just to have an idea that how much division was caused by this war can be judged from the event that took place in the year 1967 when Muhammad Ali the greatest boxer that the world have ever witnessed refused to serve for the American army. Ali willingly speak out against racism in America and his exact words are like this

I aint got no quarrel with the Vietcong no Vietcong Ever Called Me Nigger. No, I am not going 10,000 miles to help murder kill and burn other people to simply help continue the domination of white slave masters over dark people the world over. This is the day and age when such evil injustice must come to an end (Jackson 176).

This was just a sentiment of one person that was caught in the limelight, but at that time many people had similar kind of emotions attached with the Vietnam War regardless of their color and race.

A rejected armys on ground situation
The American army that fought in Vietnam was one of its kinds, so the question arises that what happened to such a prolific force. The answer to this question is that the social unrest caused the upheaval which directly affected the soldiers. By the end of 1970 the American soldiers were very well aware of the situation back home that their nation had abandoned them and the country have decided to withdraw from the conflict. The feeling of dejection and misery were increasing in the soldiers as they understood that they are being asked to fight a war which most people avoided many people hated and that the country has no intention of winning. With this situation the morale of the soldiers were plummeted and the mindset of most of the soldiers on ground changed as they had no will in sacrificing their lives for a lost war. The approach now was just to defend and survive one year and return home. Most of the units began to disrupt orders and started to practice the search and evade tactics which were formulated to minimize contact with the enemy (Wiest).

Because of the devastated result of the war many of the soldiers made their mind to quit army and make a career out of forces, and because of that some officers ordered their junior officers to do their duty. Adding up to the misery of the Americans was the issue of fragging in which soldiers killed their own officers and in the year 1970 the number of such cased rose to 209.

All these events which we have discussed earlier clearly indicate that there was a great amount of depression from which the soldiers were going through and this became one of the reason they started using drugs. When the forces were leaving Vietnam a poll was conducted that showed a mind boggling figure of 60 of the enlisted men that used marijuana and around 35000 soldiers became serious heroin addicts during their stay in Vietnam (Wiest).  

The other side of the picture was even more treacherous when these discontented Vietnam veterans returned home they openly spoke against the war while many of the soldiers rejected to receive their medals which they had won in Vietnam at the same time many termed the war as the biggest nothing in the history. Many soldier posed the question that how do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake The protests against the war was increasing day by day  and according to a poll 58 of the Americans considered this as morally wrong while only 29 disagreed (Lawrence).

The personal life of these drug addicted soldiers proved out to be more difficult. As the U.S was trying to resolve the war conflict in Vietnam, forces were withdrawing from the region. About 1,000 men were sent back home each day and most of them were being discharged soon after they reached home.  This meant that hundreds of heroin drug attics were present in the American society that time. This really caused a huge concern for the authorities and a rapid policy change was made. According to the new policy the drug addicted soldiers were given proper treatment rather than leaving them with court martial.

PTSD the inner war
There were seven major factors that were associated with the Vietnam veterans these PTSD factors include
Depression and suicidal syndrome
Isolation and withdrawal
Consciousness    
Mistrustfulness
Anesthetized  
Pessimism and skeptical
Lack of intimacy  

A study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which found that the tendency of committing suicide were twice found in men that served in Vietnam as compared to those who did not served there.  Experts believe that the reason of such high rate of suicidal attempts were because the soldiers were unable to find a proper satisfying answer to the question that why they fought in Vietnam. In the veterans min there is no resolution to the conflict in Vietnam, plus they were also they were lacking the proper support from their home which made their live even worse. Because of all this a feeling of helplessness and depression was created. Then the veteran also became isolated they were not interested in meeting with other people rather than they prefer to live alone (Cruz). Another research which was conducted on the veterans behavior after they reached home showed that because of their experiences in Vietnam 20 of all Vietnam veterans have failed to adjust into civilian life. Apart from that there is a great amount of mistrust which was found in the veterans. Primarily the mistrust is towards the authorities and the government which for no reason sent them there and secondly the mistrust in the society which rejected them. This also leads the veteran towards getting numb no feeling what so ever. Similarly as the nature of the war was guerilla war fare in which the veterans were subjected in killing women and children so they find it difficult to make the transaction to the role of a husband and parent (Cruz).

Stress has always been a synonymous with soldiers that involve in wars or conflicts. The events that take place on the combat places have a tremendous psychological strain upon an individual. Critics have always said that much more severe conditions were experienced by those who took part in the Second World War or in the Korean War so how can the Vietnam veterans be different from them (Tull). The answer to this is that the uniqueness of Vietnam War is that it was not a declared war, it was never declared as war plus the soldiers that were sent in Vietnam were relatively young and not much experienced thus they didnt have any experience of such kind prior of being sent here.

Also those who fought in other major wars were used to undergo a total of 60 days in combat like condition and as compared to them an infantryman in Vietnam spend 300 days in war like conditions. Even though the logistics, medical services and rest places were far better than the World War II but the primary reason which was identified for this post traumatic stress disorder was because the lengthy time that the soldiers spent in war infected areas (Scott). A comparison was made of the Vietnam veterans and the veterans of other major wars and the results that were derived are as follows.

As it was never declared as war, civilians and enemies were impossible to differentiate.
As it was guerilla warfare there was no continuity to it and continuously changing strategy damaged the war plan.
Several chemical compounded sprays were used against the soldiers, which proved out to be very harmful.
As there was no clear message that why the war is being fought many of the soldiers doubted why they were sent to Vietnam.
Lack of patriotism
The soldiers were not received warmly by the society when they returned back home
The average age of a Vietnam veteran was 20 years as compared to the veteran of World War II which was 26.

In a nutshell it could be said that the Vietnam War veterans experienced numerous phases of PTSD these included difficulty in feeling strong emotion, particularly love, feeling of guilty and the ability to move into society. Apart from that one of the soldiers who fought in the war told that he use to face extreme emotional outbursts, horrible rise in the temper, becoming nervous, bad dreams and flashbacks of the events of war were some common experiences that he faced in the life after war All these combined to make life miserable for the veterans and to continue their lives as a civilian citizen of U.S (Habelow).