English Literature

Government Has No Business Interfering with What You Eat  and Kelly Brownell and Marion Nestles  Not If Blaming the Victim is Just Another Excuse to Get the Industry Off the Hook
    As the level of obesity grows in the U.S., what we eat is becoming more and more a political matter. Once a matter between the individual and their physician, what people eat and how they eat is being increasingly debated among politicians. In their essay, Radley Balko and Kelly Brownell with Marion Nestle argue two sides of the debate over industry regulation of the health care industry. Balkos argument rests primarily on the issue of less government intervention in the publics lives. Seeing the efforts of legislatures and health care groups to pass legislation to intervene in the freedom of the industry as an infringement on personal and commercial freedoms, Balkos view is highly politicized and polarized by his refusal to see the issue outside of the context of a political agenda. To Balko, regulating the food industry is just another step towards socialized medicine. Brownell and Nestle take a different view, attacking the anti-regulation lobbys agenda as self-serving to the industry with little regard to the individual itself. They make a compelling argument, noting that the arguments against regulation bear a striking resemblance to other such arguments, particularly the tobacco industrys fight against regulation. Of the two arguments, Brownell and Nestle make a more accurate assessment of the situation of the individual than Balko, who for all his protestations against the absorption of individual choice into the greater sphere of politics he is in fact making it political.
    Balko presents at the onset of his argument several steps in recent years which have been taken to try and combat obesity. Among these have been sort of pseudo-campaigns within the government to ease the minds of health professionals who have spoken out against the growth of obesity. Budget money has been funneled to programs that promote a health life story, man schools have voted to remove snack and soda vending machines from school campuses, labeling requirements and potential taxes and bans on certain types of food all list within the range of measures proposed or enacted across the country. While I agree to an extent with his assertion that health and wellness should be an individual responsibility, it is difficult to ignore the symptoms of an industry that lacks health standards in the proper respect. If a  food company purposely manufactured a cookie laced with cyanide and sold it to the public, that company would be held criminally libel. Even if the consumer knew what was in the cookie, to knowingly produce something you know will increase a persons risk for death should be enough to ensure that such practices are regulated. Alcohol, tobacco, and medicine which all go into our bodies like food, with the exception of tobacco moving through our system in a similar manner, are highly regulated and with good reason. When left to themselves the tobacco companies redefined irresponsible marketing with ads aimed at children and tailored for women, presenting images of health and wellness that were unrealistic. In this same manner, particularly fast food companies present a product that is bad for your health but advertise it in a family-centered and active manner that in no way shows the true effects of eating Big Macs to an excess. Have you ever seen an obese person in a McDonalds commercial
    Balkos move into a debate over nationalized health care, while understandably related to the topic, bypasses how personal responsibility can be practiced. He does not discuss the psychology behind the individuals choice to eat unhealthily and whether it is truly an effective method. Perhaps, knowing the wealth of self-help health and nutrition related books he felt that this need not be explored further, but I feel the shift to be too abrupt. The debate over obesity and industry, not really individual, regulation is a prop and an introductory tool for introducing the wider argument of governments role in health care and the interrelated role of government interventions at different levels. Key to Balkos argument is that people, left to  their own devices, will choose what is right for them and take full financial and personal responsibility. However, he does not address the issue of childhood obesity, at which many of the regulations have been aimed at fighting. Who is taking responsibility for the children
    Kelly Brownell and Marion Nestles argument concentrates on the responsibility of the food industry in propagating the effects of unhealthy lifestyles. Food is business and the bottom line is the money. As they explain the number of food items geared toward children is astounding, fast food, high sugar beverages and snacks. If one were to consider it, the most iconic symbols of the food industry were created with children in mind. Trix, a cereal high in sugar and low in any other nutritional value,  is for kids  with a goofy rabbit forever trying to get just one bite. Lucky Charms or Cookie Crisp commercials are equally geared toward children. It is, Im sure, no mistake that each of these cereals rely on cartoons as advertisement vehicles. McDonalds gives out toys and buys advertisement rights for Disney and other kid related movies. To just blame obesity on the individual is to address only half of the problem. Yes, many adults are aware that they shouldnt stop at McDonalds or Burger King on the way home from work but we still do. It is cheap and it is convenient. As Brownell and Nestle also point out, it is biology for humans to crave that which is in excess bad for us. Sugar, fat, and calories all are craved by the human body. Their third part of the argument is based in the failure of self-regulation. Sure, it would be great if everyone would listen to their doctors and not eat that double cheese burger or pint of chocolate ice cream but given the increasing numbers of obese individuals its proven to be a failed experiment. They do not deny the necessity of personal responsibility in combating obesity in adults and particularly in children, their argument merely underlines the fact that, in itself, it is not enough.
    The food industry does not have its hands tied. There are alternatives to the traditional ingredients in many foods that have proved to be the most harmful. Bakeries in New York City, faced with the restraints of a trans fat ban, found new ways to make old favorites. It is not impossible to change but in a business ruled more by the bottom line than the well-being of its consumers, sometimes it is necessary to push for those changes making the private issue of health a public policy measure. Consumers will equally adapt there is no necessity in five fast food commercials in a ninety second commercial break or to have French fries come standard with two teaspoons of salt poured on top. If individuals such as Balko want people to take personal responsibility then let us put that extra salt on the fries and ask for the high fat content cheese product or mayonnaise. The push to regulate food companies does not infringe on personal rights but instead takes the responsibility of making those decisions out of the hands of the manufacturers and more  closely in the reach of the consumer themselves.

    FBI stands for Federal Bureau of Investigation and is a government agency in the United States. It is an agency within the department of justices which deals with internal intelligence federal criminal investigation. FBI is mostly involved in investigating federal criminals and also is concerned with the internal intelligence. There are over two hundred federal crimes which can be investigated by FBI and which have violation of the criminal jurisdiction. The motto of the agency follows its initials Fidelity, Intelligence and Integrity.
    The headquarters of Federal Bureau of Intelligence are located at Washington D.C. Its staff is spread all over United States with field offices being set up in major cities and resident agencies being set up within towns. It is also served internationally by having offices within United States embassies available all over the world (Edward, 546)
    Federal Bureau of Intelligence has various mission and priorities to undertake. For instance, the budget of FBI in 2008 amounted to about 7billion with some of this allocation being directed towards some activities such as information technology, forensics, security allocations and cyber crime. It also allocated some of this to curb terrorism and intelligence.
    FBI was started as the Bureau of Investigation in 1908. It acquired this name until 1935 when it was transformed to its current name Federal Bureau of Investigation. Federal Bureau of Investigation has certain goal to achieve. Terrorist has been on the horizon together with foreign intelligence threats. The main goal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is to defend and protect United States from these vices. They also enforce criminal laws in order to achieve justices within federal (David, 12). There are various priorities which FBI has set to address protecting civil rights, compacting violent crime, corruption and white collar crimes, protecting United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats and checking on cyber warfare. It also participates in combating criminal enterprises and organizations and upgrading of technology. The priorities of FBI are mostly directed to the protection of United States against foreign intelligence threats and terrorist. Information technology is an area of major concern for this agency and that is why they check on cyber warfare. Upgrading their technology enables them to counter both terrorist and foreign intelligences dangers which are issues of major concern in United States.
    Federal Bureau of Investigation has been involved in various activities in the past. For instance in 2007, it was involved in certain activities such as mail and bank frauds, drug trafficking cases, robbery and also fraud by wire. These investigations were carried out in coordination with the United States government. The working criteria of Federal Bereau of Investigation are covered in the U.S code. Crimes which are committed towards United States are controlled by this body whose officials are appointed by the Attorney General of United States (Cook, 23). Investigation of specific crimes by Federal Bureau investigation is also covered by the U.S statues. These statutes provide authority and responsibility to this body to interrogate specific crimes which are committed against United States.
    In the recent past, FBI has been involved in some controversial issues which have led to the intervention of the Supreme Court. Wire tapping was introduced to facilitate the arresting of bootleggers. This was first used by Hoover in 1920. There was a case which was taken to the Supreme Court challenging FBI for using wiretapping in arresting bootleggers. The Supreme Court took side with FBI arguing that there was no violation since FBI did not partake the tapping in somebodys house. There were certain Acts which were brought forth by Congress to facilitate the work of FBI. Bugging was allowed in the communication act which was passed by congress in 1934 (Davis, 14).  There were subsequent rulings by the Supreme Court which led to bugging being allowed in investigations. Public authorities were given the go ahead to tap telephones in the eve of investigations so long as they were allowed by having a warrant. This was covered in the Omnibus Crime Control and Streets act.
    Organized crimes are normally dealt with by FBI which has been given the mandate in the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. This act enables FBI to investigate any organized crime. FBI is also concerned with the protection of civil rights. It does this by enforcing the correspondence of the Civil Rights Act which was passed in 1964. FBI is responsible for investigating any violation of this act and it is also involved in the prosecution of the violation. The prosecution is achieved by working hand in hand with the United States Department of Justice (Tiefer, 216). FBI undertakes investigation involving drug trafficking. They achieve this being guided by the Substance Act which was passed in 1970.
    Powers of FBI were enriched through the USA Patriot Act which gave more powers to this body. The increased powers involved dealing with crimes of internet activity and wire tapping. There are some critical provisions which are provided in the Act. This critical provision which is referred to as sneak and peeks allows FBI to carry out investigation in the absence of the residents. FBI is protected in this act not to inform the residents about the investigation. The Act also accords FBI to opening new files for suspect of terrorism from archived records. After investigation, FBI hands over its investigation report to an official in the department who decide the prosecution process (Gelbspan, 29). The Attorney decides on the go ahead after receiving the investigation report from FBI.
    FBI has been involved in several matters of national security. Since 1940 up to few years ago, the FBI has conducted several investigations involving espionage which were done against United States. There have been various arrests of people who have tried to sabotage the national security. For instance, there was the arrest of Nazi agents. These had the plan of sabotaging the American operations. Amongst the arrested agents, six were executed. The soviet saga led the heavy participation of FBI to break Soviet communications. This was done in collaboration of United States and United Kingdom. The FBI which was fully involved on the contribution to the tapping of the Soviet communication codes. The participation of Americans in the soviet intelligence was revealed. There are also notable arrests in which the FBI had a hand in, such as the arrest of Rudolf Abel who was a Soviet spy. The obsession of the Soviet came into being after the notification of the Soviet Spies in United States (Powers, Finnegan, 62). This was furthered by Hoover. Hoover led the FBI to ensure that all these spies were put at stake.
    The influence of civil rights movement also came to the concern of FBI. Civil rights leaders who led various movements in criticizing the FBI actions were seized. These movements were mostly active between 1950s and 1960s. Howard, who was one of the civil rights leaders found himself cornered after he was denounced by Hoover for his allegations of the FBI inaction. The FBI was involved in disrupting dissident political movements and non violent institutions. This was facilitated in the program they referred to it as Counter Intelligence Program. FBI disrupted the operation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which was amongst the forefront civil right institutions (McKnight, 54). FBI also targeted some prominent people for investigation such as Martin Luther King of which they even used some false allegation towards him due to lack of evidence of any crime.
    FBI has been involved in investigation of assassination of prominent people. FBI was accorded the mandate to investigate the assassination of John F Kennedy. This directive came from Lyndon Johnson who served as a president.  It led to the passing of the law which defined clearly who was responsible in dealing with homicides. FBI was given the responsibility of carrying out investigations on deaths of federal officials (Cook, 57). From this time henceforth, FBI has been responsible of investigating the deaths of government officials.
    Investigation of organized crime has also been of major concern. Top Hoodlum program was introduced in 1953 to enable tackle organized crime. This program geared at collecting of data of any mobsters of which it was to be centralized for analysis. This was to be facilitated by field officers. The field officers had to identify any organized crime within their territories and report them to the central offices. The passing of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act enabled FBI to counter the crime groups which were behind crimes in major cities and even small towns. The operations of FBI were one undercover. Being guided by the RICO act, FBI managed to dismantle all organized crime groups (Athan, 681). The lack of resources to deploy to counter the organized crime groups made Hoover to deny the presence of such groups in the United States. FBI carried out operations later to counter the organized crime. Some of the leaders of these groups were arrested such as John Gotti and Sam Giancana. The Act which was passed in 1953 is still in operation for organized crime.
    FBI has been involved fully in addressing terrorism. To counter terrorism during the summer Olympics which were undertaken in 1984, an elite unit was formed. The formation of this unit was as a result of the previous killings of Israel Athletes during the summer Olympics which were held in Germany. Terrorists were behind the murder. The unit was referred to as Hostage Rescue Team. Computer Analysis and Response unit was also formed the same year. The reduced cases of terrorism after cold war, led FBI to line up with the local police forces. They participated in tracking fugitives who had gone beyond state boundaries. FBI also used finger printing system to track criminals and also DNA testing (Keen, 32).
    As a conclusion, the September 11 attacks were a wakening ground for FBI operations. This occurred as a test to Mueller who had taken offer as the director three days prior to the attacks. He advocated for restructuring of FBI operations. Robert Mueller made tackling every federal crime a priority. The priorities included countering of terrorism, cyber security dangers and countering foreign intelligence threats.  Countering of crime was also a priority. Such crimes include white collar crime, violent crime, high technology crimes amongst other crimes committed against United States.

A novel published in the 1600s, Don Quixote is written by Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish author. Miguel de Cervantes created this fictional origin for the novel based on a manuscript written by Cide Hamete Benengeli, a Moorish historian. Two of the most known character in the story are Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.
The two characters may be different in a lot of ways but they also share some characteristics. Don Quixote is a scrawny middle-aged man who read a lot of books about gallant knights hence making him gone mad. Hes strong-minded in restoring the chivalric code of the knights-errant. Hes determined to go on an adventure to gain respect and splendor in the name Dulcinea, his make-believe ladylove. Sancho Panza on the other hand has created his personal position in both Don Quixotes real and invented world. Similar to Don Quixote who has an invented world and reality, Sanchos character personifies both good and bad aspects of the modern times as well as the long-gone period of chivalry. However, Sancho does not believe in the exasperating faith of Don Quixote in gallant virtues, but at the same time he stays away from turning toward the other radical value that connects power with nobility or honor. Don Quixote yearns for a feeling of magnificence and reason, the two things that he deems the world lacks. However, even with his good intentions, he tended to harm those that he came across as he is mainly incapable of seeing the reality and is blinded by his invented world.
Sancho helps Don Quixote to slowly differentiate the reality and his make-believe world as the story continues. The other characters in the story made fun, played along, and took advantage of Don Quixotes insanity. Sancho, remained faithful and often times adored and get caught up in the foolishness completely. Don Quixote and Sancho truly complement one another in the story. As Don Quixote continued with his madness, Sancho often criticizes him for his confidence on these fantasies. Sancho has a quick sense of humor complementing Don Quixotes too seriousness for his own personal good. Don Quixote tended to have a way with women while Sancho remain truly faithful and loving to Teresa, his wife. The differences of the two characters made the story more interesting.
Don Quixote even at his ultimate sanity-inducing sickness, continued to be true to his chivalric notion of whats right and wrong. He was firm and never gave up on the idea that Dulcinea can truly save him from all the bad luck and hardships. Sancho, on the other hand, exhibits the shortcomings that majority of the rational characters in the story revealed, but still Sancho had a core admirable and gentle characteristic that the other characters in the novel greatly lack.
In the novel, Don Quixote is intensely smart and often times apparently sane. He lucidly speaks of soldiering, literature, leadership, and other subject matters. Sancho however is but a simple peasant who possessed the most varied outlooks and the most knowledge through his constant inquisitiveness allowing him to learn from the world that surrounds him. Sanchos curiosity allows people or the readers to evaluate Don Quixotes character, as the peasant observes and contemplates about Don Quixote. Sanchos character gives the sense of humanity in the novel, conveying self-respect and composure, as well as wit and kindness. On the other hand, Don Quixote remains to be a puzzle all through the novel with his insanity and sanity.

Many works of literature explore the complex psychological problems if its characters.  The problems often touch other characters in the book, just like psychological problems touch family members in real life.  Simply put, readers enjoy understanding the dynamics of these family relationships as they relate to characters in novels, plays and short stories.      Metamorphosis by Czechoslovakian Franz Kafka is a novella written in the early 20th century about a financially burdened man who must provide for his parents and sister.  When he is suddenly afflicted by being transformed into a giant insect, the family roles change along with their relationships.  The family suffers financial burdens, maintain unrealistic expectations placed upon one of the central characters, and endures psychological suffering as well.  Consequentially, Gregors sister Grete ultimately plays a major role in the direction that these psychological problems take, to her own near demise.
    Gregor clearly has problems.  He has suddenly awakened to find himself transformed into a giant bug.   While this is a physical ailment to say the least, Gregors psychological problems seem to have started even before his change in appearance.  Gregor, as the adult son, has been bearing the financial burden for his mother, father and sister for a number of years.  This burden has led him to a sales job in which he must rise early, spend long hours on the road, and work physical and mentally hard for his paycheck, part of which must go to repay a debt incurred by his own father. He has been feeling mentally overburdened by this job for years, as his entire family seem to expect being solely supported by him. 
Gregors sudden physical change more dramatically changes his family situation. After his conversion to a giant cockroach, Gregor experiences, in a different way, alienation and disorientation.  He is repulsive to his family, especially is father he is physically sickening to his mother and his ability to relate and even communicate with them deteriorates markedly. 
He suddenly cannot make any money.  He suddenly even cannot appear to his family, at first, or guests.  His position declines from family leader to, well, disgusting insect.  As a result, Gregor slowly fades into a sad state of alienation and depression.  
His sister Grete, with whom Gregor has always been close, should, and for a while does,  provide some kind of hope for her brothers  painful circumstance.  Grete loves Gregor.  She is the first to recognize that something is wrong with him even before he exposes himself in his new form.  She cries in her room when he first refuses to come out, knowing that something must be wrong this indicates a strong connection with her brother who understands that Grete has a dream to be a violinist.  Gregor has frequently considered offering to pay for violin lessons, but he never got around to doing it before his transformation.
After his disability becomes known to his family, Grete volunteers to be his caretaker.  Despite her initial fear, she approaches him in his room and immediately is able to sense what he needs and wants  But he never could have guessed what his sister, out of the goodness of her heart, in fact, did. To test his taste, she brought him an entire selection, all spread out on an old newspaper (Kafka).   In fact, she takes on the responsibility with gusto, seemingly to repay him for the support he has previous offered her and reveling in the fact that she can do something that her parents cannot emotionally handle.  She seems proud of her role and presents her self as a type of expert for his care.  It seems that Gregors demise gives her strength and purpose in life when she previously had none. 
As everyone knows, relationships among family members are rarely static.  Over time, priorities and personal goals change to Gregors dismay, this happens to Grete.  Grete seems to gradually lose interest in her newfound role as caretaker.  As the daily monotony of her duties, combined with her hours working as a salesgirl outside their home, become apparent, she also become resentful of having to care for Gregor and clean his room.  The glory of her job has worn off, and the mundane reality has set in.  She reverts back to feeling worthless and continues her dreams of becoming a violinist without much hope.  Her resentment is apparent when she intentionally leaves messes in his room and when her conversations become shorter and more clipped.  She seems torn between her love for her brother and her love for her mother  her mothers health has become adversely affected by Gregors condition. 
Her epiphany occurs when she plays her violin to entertain some renters, and Gregor slips into the room.  The renters flee and threaten a lawsuit.  At his point, Grete realizes that her brothers physical deformity and psychological difficulties will cause the familys downfall despite her efforts. 
Ultimately, Grete must make a painful decision in order to save herself and her family. 
She must choose, basically, between her mother and her brother.  Her resentment has built, but the threat of lawsuit shows her the reality of their situation. She rationalizes her decision to recommend getting rid of Gregor  her mother is failing, and they have lost yet another source of income.  Further, because they have tried to take care of him and failed, they will not be under reproach. 
Grete has to voice, now, what the family has felt for a long time. She notes to her parents, It has to go, cried the sister. That is the only way, father. You must try to get rid of the idea that this is Gregor. The fact that we have believed this for so long, that is truly our real misfortune. But how can it be Gregor If it were Gregor, he would have long ago realized that a communal life among human beings is not possible with such a creature and would have gone away voluntarily. Then we would not have a brother, but we could go on living and honour his memory. But this animal plagues us (Kafka).  This deals the final blow to Gregar, already infected due to an apple attack from this father, and he succumbs to his alienation.
The conclusion of this story is sadly realistic, and most readers will react in a sad and pitying manner.   No matter how hard a family member tries to help another unstable family member, ultimately this effort will backfire, especially if the sibling is forced to give up a dream or sacrifice her own life. The responsibility does not fall squarely on any one persons shoulders. 
Morally and ethically, siblings are not responsible for the care of their psychologically disturbed family members.  Caring for a psychologically distressed individual is difficult, but morally, a sibling is not responsible.  Who is  The answer is very difficult.  Ultimately, the responsibility must fall in the greater proportion on the individual him or herself.

The history of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is remarkably interesting, providing the reader with one of the most interesting rag-to-riches stories that the world has heard of about a developing nation in modern times. Before the 1950s and 1960s when Western oil companies found out that this small Arab confederate had huge oil deposits, little was known about the nation on the international arena. But within a period of less than 50 years, wealth derived from oil exports has transformed the UAE from an insignificant remote and poor desert country changing the landscape into a region of glittering modern cities, with luxury beach resorts and hotels, towering skyscrapers, magnificent apartments and shopping malls, as well as a considerably high standard of living measured by modern world standards (King 2008, p.5). Today, UAE has the second highest per capita income in the Gulf region, coming second only to Saudi Arabia and oil wealth accounts for 88 of all government income. UAE residents are generally very prosperous and because oil wealth has helped to wipe out poverty among the masses, UAE residents top the list of extravagant Arab world spenders (Nydell 2006, pp.187-188). Oil wealth has influenced every aspect of life in UAE, such that tremendous changes have not only been recorded within its economy but in the social, cultural and political spheres.  The geography of this nation has also not been exempted from such tremendous changes and the relationship that UAE nationals now have with their environment has greatly improved. A once unstable pearling and fishing desert economy whose only notable substitute was small-scale agricultural production can give credit to oil wealth, for its rapid transformation into a high-income oil-based economy that is driven by high concentrations of foreign expatriate labor. This labor has been the major force behind the growth of different sectors of the UAE economy. Yet such affluence does not come without some disadvantages (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.202).

Background information about UAE
    The UAE refers to a loose confederation of seven emirates namely Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Qaiwain, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah and Dubai. This confederation was formed in 1971 when the region attained independence from Great Britain. Formerly referred to as the Trucial states, the new confederacy now referred to as UAE received a new leader when Sheikh Zayed bin al-Nahyan then leader of the emirate of Abu Dhabi which is also the largest emirate became its new ruler after withdrawal of colonial leaders (Anonymous 2009, s 13-14). Although each of the seven emirates was allowed to retain a large degree of independence, the seven confederate rulers found it wise to form a Supreme Council of Rulers which is the current governing body in the UAE. This Supreme Council of Rulers is also holds the power to appoint a prime minister and the nations cabinet. As a country, UAE does not however have any formally elected governing bodies despite the fact that it is considered one of the most liberal Gulf States. No political parties exist in UAE and the only notable move towards a democratic government was the December 2006 elections of half of the countrys Federal National Council although the emirs had a higher hand in identifying who would cast the vote in every emirate (Anonymous 2009, s 13-14).
UAE before the discovery of oil
    Prior to the discovery of oil in the 1950s, the UAE was a very poor and backward desert region and up to the year 1950, this desert economy was founded upon very limited human and natural resources. The population in the emirates was quite small and many tribes led a nomadic type of desert life. UAEs current position both in the gulf region and globally, has been very striking and as Al Abed and Hellyer suggest, The UAE economy has witnessed several phases of growth and development. (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.231). The main economic activities revolved around fishing, pearling, livestock keeping mostly of camels, traditional manufacturing of dried foods, weaving of rugs and carpets, making of tents and gowns, as well as swords and daggers. Subsistence agriculture was also practiced whereby poor farmers cultivated dates, fruits and vegetables for household use and the local market ((Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.208). There was no road network or basic amenities and the only remarkable building was the rulers fort which was located on the Island in the current location of Abu Dhabi city. For expatriate workers manning the oil exploration companies to reach their work destinations, they had to be flown in small aircrafts from Kuwait and Bahrain. Due to lack of infrastructure, these aircrafts landed on poorly constructed runways made up of a mixture of flattened sand and oil (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.231).  But oil production has led to a very dramatic growth and by the beginning of the 21st century the population of Abu Dhabi alone had grown from less than 20,000 people in 1966 to approximately 600,000 people living in a modern Manhattan style city with high-rise buildings, tree-lined streets and spacious gardens and parks. The oil and gas industries have been cautiously managed in such way that oil wealth has helped the entire nation to achieve a considerably high standard of living with public amenities and services that are as advanced as those in the major cities of the developed world (Marshall Cavendish 2006, p.532).
Oil is discovered in UAE
    Although oil prospects in UAE dated back even before WWII broke out in 1939, UAEs oil export business took longer to establish when compared to other Gulf States. This is largely because oil exploration was halted by the war and when the war ended and exploration resumed, the oil exploration companies concentrated their efforts towards other regions like Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar where the prospects of hitting oil appeared much higher and Abu Dhabi had to wait (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.231). In 1962, Abu Dhabi finally joined the family of oil exporting gulf regions and oil production marked the beginning of a very rapid transformation of this emirate. As oil exploration progressed, more oil was discovered in the Zakum oil fields in 1965 and within the next two years, the emirate had become an oil exporter. More oil fields were drilled in Dubai and Sharjah in 1969 and 1970 respectively, ushering the UAE economy into the world of foreign trade (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.209). Oil production and associated activities then began to shape the development and evolution of this economy in such way that beginning from the 1970s, oil export became a huge source of wealth for UAE and government revenue shot up tremendously as a result of oil wealth (Anonymous 2009,  13).
(Pro-argument) - Positive effects of oil in UAE
    Among the OPEC oil producing nations, UAE is currently holding the fifth position with a recorded 2.6 million barrels of oil produced everyday in the year 2008. Out of these, 85 of the oil came from the emirate of Abu Dhabi while Dubai and Sharjah produced the remaining 15 (Anonymous  6). According to Nyrop, The other four shaykhdoms  Ras al Khaymah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn, and Fijayrah  have little hoe of discovering oil and therefore experiencing significant economic growth of social change. (Nyrop 2008, p.62). Yet these emirates have also undergone ample change thanks to the decision by the federal government to accord every emir with some degree of personal authority in the running of the larger UAE government. This model of government has not only helped to strengthen the political, social and economic sectors of the federation but has also ensured that oil wealth is collectively used for the improvement of the whole region (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.208). One of the earliest and most remarkable achievements realized by this federal government was the May 1973 establishment of the UAE Monetary Agency a move that integrated all the seven emirates as well as the subsequent issuance of dirham as the UAEs national currency to replace regional currencies such as the DubaiQatari riyal used in the north and the Bahraini dinar which had been circulating in the emirate of Dubai. The Monetary Agency was later to be replaced by the modern UAE Central Bank in 1980 (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.208).
    The 1970s was a very prosperous period for UAE and the entire region experienced very rapid GDP growth. During the 1980s and 1990s, the trend unfortunately changed to unstable, a change that was largely blamed on the unpredictable world oil prices. Currently, UAEs GDP has been surging with the credit largely going to surging world oil (Anonymous s 17). The rise in oil prices is still expected to continue with prospected prices rising gradually from US  61 per barrel recorded in the year 2009 to an average US 74 per barrel by the year 2010 (Anonymous s 11). Like many other Gulf States, UAE has a relatively small population and oil wealth has enabled the nation to realize a very high standard of living with a per capita income of US 40,417 recorded in the year 2007 by the IMF. Yet although oil and gas contributed 35 of the total GDP in 2007, the economy is also experiencing significant diversification and a fast growing business sector, the Dubai offshore banking units, as well as influx of investment banks have also had remarkable contribution towards current economic growth.  The tourism industry has also become a major player in UAEs economic growth especially due to the revenue collected through sporting events which attract a wealthy clientele into Dubai (Anonymous s16).
    According to an official US report, UAEs oil export earnings had dropped to about 3 billion a sharp fall to less than half of the monthly oil generated revenue in 2008. This fall in UAEs revenue also led to a decline in total OPEC earnings by nearly 40 to around 33 billion during the month of January 2009 (Kawach 2009, s 1- 5). But this fall in revenue did not affect UAEs oil production status her position as one of OPECs biggest oil earners stands. Her only rival is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which netted nearly 88 billion in oil exports in 2008. Based on that level, the UAE recorded a monthly average of 7.5 billion from oil income in 2008. Information gathered from OPECs annual reports indicates that, UAEs oil basket stood at an average 41.89 per barrel in January 2009, a figure which was slightly higher than the December 2008 average of about 38.60. This was however a sharp low compared to nearly 88.35 average price that the oil-producing nation had recorded in January 2008 and the record 131 average price during the month of August 2008 (Kawach 2009, s 6-15).
    Before the discovery of oil healthcare was generally very poor in UAE, and ordinary people sought medical help from traditional healers while the more affluent nationals travelled to Europe and the U.S.A for specialized treatment. This meant less privileged members of UAE society died from otherwise treatable ailments due to unavailability of a modern healthcare system. But oil generated wealth has helped to transform the healthcare system in UAE to such high standards that the country is currently home to some of the worlds best equipped hospitals. Today, all UAE nationals enjoy free treatment while non-nationals enjoy free maternity and emergency services. Other healthcare services are chargeable for all non-nationals. (Marshal Cavendish 2006, p.540). Oil wealth has also contributed to tremendous improvement of the welfare system to the extent that UAE nationals are now entitled to various welfare benefits which include free housing (Marshal Cavendish 2006, p.540). As Omeje states, The welfare provisions and allocations in the UAE have become sustainable to the point that even during periods of low world oil prices the state is able to fulfill its welfare commitments. This has helped to raise the peoples general standards of living and UAE nationals can now boast of a new life expectancy of 73 years for males and 78 years for females (Omeje 2008, p.221).
    Since the 1970s oil boom, the UAE government has not followed the trend that other Gulf States have adopted of building a magnificent military infrastructure but has instead channeled her huge oil generated revenues into economically productive programs that are geared at providing additional support to the vast social welfare program that the UAE government has adopted (Omeje 2008, p.23). Through free trade zones, the government has managed to attract a lot of foreign investment especially in the tourism, natural energy exploration, construction, and desalination and waste water treatment sectors. By combining high oil revenues and a wealth of very successful diversification programs especially by the larger emirates, the overall GDP growth has been very tremendous in recent years (Omeje 2008, p.222).  Yet, despite the successful development of other sectors of the UAE economy especially the manufacturing, construction and services sectors oil continues to dominate the UAEs economic growth with oil revenue contributing about 30 to the overall GDP. As oil outputs continue to rise, this natural resource is bound to remain the major contributor of UAEs economic growth for quite some time. Both federal and individual emirate administrations can give credit to oil wealth for healthier national budgets while strong oil prices and an expansive non-oil sector can also be credited for strengthening UAEs position on the international scene (Oxford Business Group 2006, p.35).
    Sudden growth of the oil economy has attracted both skilled and unskilled labor in such large numbers that there is rising concern that UAE nationals could be marginalized in their own country. In response to this growing concern, the UAE regime has engaged in the implementation of employment quotas for non-nationals in order to give the nationals enough room to run their economy (Oxford Business Group 2006, p.47-48).  To help the locals compete in the job market, education is also offered free of charge for all nationals and is also compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Students are also provided with other necessities such as free school books, uniforms, transportation, as well as science and sports equipment. Besides constructing hundreds of elementary and high schools, the UAE government has also invested a lot of capital in a network of technical colleges, an expanding university system as well as a separate university for the women. These developments in the education sector have helped to improve UAEs literacy levels. Many local students also have opportunities to travel abroad for government financed further studies. Expatriates generally earn good money and private schools have also been constructed for the children of those who can afford their costs. Improved education and health sectors have especially been beneficial to UAE women whose status in society has changed as they get exposed to new career opportunities. The number of women graduates now matches that of male graduates and literacy for women has improved so much that three-fourths of all workers in government education and health-care institutions are women (Marshal Cavendish 2006, p.540-541). With improved education provision, the only thing that now hinders nationals from having jobs is their unwillingness to take up certain types of work especially in the services sector (Oxford Business School 2006, pp.48).
    The geography of UAE and her environment have also benefited from oil-generated wealth. Before the discovery of oil, UAE nationals had to struggle through the rough desert terrain as they moved from one place to another, usually for trade. But today, the infrastructure has changed and six-lane highways such as the one connecting Abu Dhabi and al-Ayn have transformed the transportation sector to match the infrastructure of other modern economies. These highways are beautifully constructed lined with thick belts of flowers that are well-watered. The government has also invested a lot of revenue in planting of trees and other attractive vegetation along these highways as a preventive method against the desert san dunes which used to bury the roads. Smaller emirates however continue to lag behind in the development of transport systems and paved streets and steep mountain paths are still a very common feature here (King 2008, p.10). The UAE government has also invested oil revenue in beautification programs for major cities through massive tree and grass planting, creation of fountains and parks, as well as widespread construction of air-conditioning facilities (Marshall Cavendish 2006, p.541). Despite the absence of natural deep water harbors on UAEs Persian Gulf Coast, oil wealth has enabled the emirates to construct very modern artificial harbors to substitute the three natural ones located on the Gulf of Oman (King 2008, p.9). Both UAE nationals and non-nationals can also enjoy superb sports facilities such as new racetracks, golf courses, yacht marines and athletic stadiums. UAE also became host to some of the worlds most esteemed sports tournaments such as the Dubbay World Cup where horse racers come to array their horses and the Dubbay Desert Classic which a golfing event. Other events include the Dubbay Open for tennis players and lovers as well as the Ash Shariqah Cup which is a cricket competition. Traditional dhow sailing and camel racing however remain a great attraction among the locals and have also become great tourist attractions (Marshall Cavendish 2006, p.541). The UAE has also used oil revenue to develop modern irrigation systems which substitute desalination plants to provide enough water for agricultural development in the oases and wadis. Today, the UAE has become a leading producer of dates palms and dates.  Cattle and sheep rearing, poultry keeping and other livestock farming have also been highly developed especially in the smaller emirates such as al-Fujairah (King 2008, p.10-13).
(Counter-argument) -  Negative effects of oil wealth in UAE
    Despite all the success that UAE as a nation has achieved through oil revenue, the government is still faced with very many challenges. Oil affluence appears to have attracted too much borrowing as is evident from the recent debt issue in Dubai. The emirate of Dubai caused great shake-ups to the massive world of international finance when Dubai World, an UAE private company and arm of the government requested for a 6 months suspension on its debts a clear indication that the company cannot keep up the payments. Much of this capital has been borrowed to facilitate the massive transformation of Dubai into one of the most impressive cities in the world. In the event of world-wide recession, most of the developed properties however remain unoccupied and the loans subsequently unpaid. Although the richer Abu Dhabi may move in to alleviate the situation, the confidence of the worlds financial establishments has once again been shaken and the Dubai saga could have very far-reaching global consequences (Brooks 2009, s1-14, 18). Despite all its success, the UAE is also faced with the major challenge employing a young and very fast-growing population whose literacy levels have been improved through a well-developed education system. According to the Oxford Business Group, About half of all UAE nationals are the age of 21 and the local workforce is growing by an estimated 4-5 annually. Heavy reliance on foreign labor especially in Abu Dhabi and Dubai has however ignited the government to engage in promotion of emirate labor in order to prevent long-term shortages of skilled labor (Oxford Business Group 2006, p.36). The influx of foreigners has also posed the challenge of new ideas, customs and beliefs among the rulers and general population. Some of these ideas which originate from the West have been a great challenge to traditional Islam. As King suggests, Another thorny issue involves finding ways to incorporate hundreds of thousands of newcomers from other parts of the world into UAE society without destroying their traditional Arab customs and values (King 2008, p.31).  Muslim extremists who try to fight for the restoration of the Arabian Islamic homelands have also been a source of challenge as they try to oppose the high rate of foreign immigrants into UAE (Marshal Cavendish 2006, p.532). The vast growing economy has also led to high rates of inflation with expatriate workers suffering from accommodation shortages and soaring rents especially in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Although the government has tried to increase salaries, rising oil prices have not made the situation any better and inflationary pressures have been on the increase since 2006 (Oxford Business Group 2006, pp.36-39)
Rebuttal - Benefits of oil outweigh the negative effects
    Nevertheless, oil has played such an important role in transforming the UAE economy that the society and entire state have experienced very rapid and dramatic transformation during the last few decades (Omeje 2008, p.221). Oil exports have helped to transform UAE from a generally backward desert region into one of the worlds booming economies. Because UAE owns approximately 10 of the worlds total oil reserves, there is no doubt that this natural resource will continue to transform both UAEs economic growth as well as social services expansion for many decades to come (Marshall Cavendish 2006, p. 535). UAE has made great steps towards diversification to avoid over-reliance on oil revenue and today, tourism, construction, commerce and transportation have also become major sources of employment in this oil-rich economy    (Omeje 2008, p.222).

    Prior to independence, the emirates were both economically and socially backward and lacked basic and essential needs in health, education as well as housing services. By Contrast, the UAE has today made very major economic, political and social strides to the extent that it can now be grouped among the high-income countries on the criteria of both the GDP and Human Development Indexes. But despite such tremendous achievements, the UAE continues to rely heavily on income generated from oil and although the non-oil sector has expanded tremendously since 1982, it is still highly linked to oil production and dependence upon oil is still quite large. This has made any reduction in oil revenue and subsequent reduction in wealth to have negative impact on the non-oil GDPs overall performance. Oil production has also made UAE to be highly dependant on expatriate labor such that her current population and labor force are largely foreign. This has not only posed major challenges in decision making within the social and cultural sectors but has also become an economic problem as well (Abed  Hellyer 2001, p.223).

Reflecting on the article made by John Feffer, it corresponds to the common misconceptions provided by the United States with regards to its campaign to maintain peace and security with efforts to protect its interests accordingly. Here, the passage that needs to be reflected revolves around the notions of what the American government has made to address these current issues at hand. The statement provided by Feffer goes
As a result, America has misidentified terrorists, seen weapons of mass destruction where they dont exist, and supported quick-draw military solutions when diplomacy would have been more appropriate (Feffer, 2007, p.2)
    Applying this concept to the idea of Orwells corruptibility of language, it can be seen that the Bushs administration clearly showcases a manifestation for this especially in its policies towards the war on Iraq. As the concept becomes clear, the idea of the post 911 environment becomes a drastic attempt by the American government to retaliate and continue to protect its interests whatever means possible even if it entails justifying what they said even if it has no basis whatsoever.
    Under the conditions pointed out by Orwell, this coincides with the perspective of how the theme in the war in Iraq serves as the use of pretentious diction wherein the process of using positive elements to denote the use of force to another is created to justify the approaches made by the state in order to appease the overall population. Seeing this, the Bushs administration took advantage of US sentiments during the aftermath of the September 11 bombings to create a good avenue to communicate and correspond to the current policies surrounding the conflict with Iraq and ultimately justified the efforts by doing so by making the campaign look like an effort to maintain global peace and security.
Spillius and Moores George Bushs war on terror
    The same idea can be applied with the article provided by Alex Spillius and Matthew Moore surrounding the application towards the war on terror. In this section, it can be seen that the common notion of how violence, policing, and justice becomes politicized and becomes rather an application of vested political interests that both shape via the consensus and use of power and control. Seeing this, the specific quote that I wish to outline involves
As a result, America has misidentified terrorists, seen weapons of mass destruction where they dont exist, and supported quick-draw military solutions when diplomacy would have been more appropriate (Spillius and Moore, 2009, p.1)
    Reflecting on this quote, the common application and relevance of this to Orwells perspective circumvents on the idea of the use of operators and pretentious diction. This common use of words such as weapons of mass destruction and quick-draw military solutions offer readers a clear perspective of how language is being shifted and used as an instrument to carryout misconceptions or allegiance to the current issue at hand. This then presupposes the common condition of adherence to the given terms because of their corresponding effort to showcase a common idea considering the issue.
    Seeing this, the common perceptions and ideas about the war on terror becomes misconstrued and relatively biased in terms of applying perspectives. The idea here becomes a matter of choosing relevant perspectives that can justifysupplement the common sides. This then means the creation of a view that is relatively synonymous to the destruction and corruption of language because common terms are now used to denote situations that are complex to be implemented or connote something that is of lesserhigher value than what it is supposed to become.
Axis of Evil
  Reacting on this photo, I do believe that this responds to the conditions of Orwell by providing key elements to the use of metaphors to highlight the same situation of the problem. Under the political sphere, these two countries correspond to the inability of the US to look deeper into the issue. The parallels that these two scenarios depict how the value of each wordings used connote the realities happening within the country. This in turn remains to be destructive due to its ability to create and false interpretations about the current issue and ineffectively gauge these processes accordingly.
   Eve of Iraqi Elections
This clipping goes to showcase how the perspective towards election becomes changed and hampered by committing acts of violence. This idea then highlights showcasing symbols of how the practice of democracy becomes tainted with violence due to the struggle for conflict. The use of this metaphor may prove to be misleading and at the same time relatively challenging to the viewer as the common idea now for the practice for election involves the acts of violence and guns. This is contrary to the original definition that highlights its relevance and value towards association with the overall practice of democracy and application of how it should be made available for the people. Thus, such attempt then corresponds to the value of fostering a new language on as to how elections is understood and should be depicted.
Apostrophe Misuse
    The common theme in this political cartoon may have been old and relatively happened a century ago, however the main point argued by the author in this section remains to be the prevalent use of apostrophes in the plural word club. Seeing this, it can be categorized as the inappropriate use of politics by the common agreed upon standards in sentence and symbols usage. This again creates confusion as it facilitates verbal false limbs wherein such changes are made that in turn redefines the concept and its application accordingly. Seeing this, the common element of meaning becomes distorted and diverted from its original purpose and intention.

We learn from JBHE that black women are indeed the majority when it comes to  being successfully enrolled and graduating from college. (JBHEwww.jbhe.comnews_views51_gendergap_universities.html)  The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education  says that  JBHE has consistently documented the fact that black women hold a large lead over black men in almost every facet of higher education. Black women currently earn about two thirds of all African-American bachelors degree awards, 70 percent of all masters degrees, and more than 60 percent of all doctorates. Black women also hold a majority of all African-American enrollments in law, medical, and dental schools.  It is true that black women are demonstrating a stronger desire for a better education and success when we look at the ratio of black women who attend and graduate from college to those of black men. JBHE also defines the numbers of enrollments of black women to black men by a seventy-one percent margin at Emory University in the city of Atlanta. The ratio of black enrollees shows that black women make up the majority of black attendees at a rate of 63.6.
USA Today explains that  Employers in some fields may give extra financial incentives to young black women, who graduate from college at higher rates than young black men, said Roderick Harrison, a researcher at the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, a think tank that studies minority issues.  It is highly probable that with extra emphasis being placed on black women as a minority, it increases the odds of a black woman s success where education is the focus.
Black women are also carrying the extra load when it comes to financial burdens since they are becoming increasingly stronger in bringing in more income to black families, considering that many black women are single parents in today s society.  Financial aid to black women increases the chances of a higher success rate in raising children with higher incomes as well as adding to their husbands incomes which much of the time surpasses his income.
 Today, a vast amount of scholarships exist to assist with the growing population of African-American women who continue to seek college educations.  (Gillis 2009), Roe Gillis an ehow contributing writer tells us about black women. We are also told that scholarships are raising the odds for a black women to attend college and successfully graduate in larger numbers than black men. Black women are not only the minority since they are black but because they are also female which raises their odds of becoming even more successful than black men at universities. Chaz Kyser (Kyser2007) offers interesting data about just how far a black women can move up in rank over black men when persistent and when they are capable of taking advantage of the various financial aid programs so readily available.
Finally, it is obvious that Black women need to be strong since Black men are more likely not to attend or graduate college as G. Ayanna tells us that (Ayannna2009)  Black women raising boys in particular, are under a lot of pressure to present the world with a new generation of future husbands and fathers. Black women do try harder in college since they are very aware that they may very well become leading contributors.